OVERVIEW

PRODUCT INFORMATION

REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES

Alpelisib – Piqray®

DRUG CLASS

Antineoplastic Agents, Kinase Inhibitors

COMPLETE LABELING

Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE

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DRUG	CAS REGISTRY NO.	MOLECULAR FORMULA	STRUCTURE
Alpelisib	1217486-61-7	C19-H22-F3-N5-O2-S

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

References updated: 15 September 2021

Abbreviations: PIK3CA, phosphidylinositol-3 kinase alpha catalytic subunit; ER+, estrogen receptor positive; HER2-, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative; HR+, hormone receptor positive; PR+, progesterone receptor positive.

• Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999.

  (Review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999 before the availability of tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors).
• DeLeve LD. Kinase inhibitors. Cancer chemotherapy. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, p. 556.

  (Review of hepatotoxicity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents, does not discuss alpelisib).
• Wellstein A, Giaccone G, Atkins MB, Sausville EA. Pathway targeted therapies: monoclonal antibodies, protein kinase inhibitors, and various small molecules. In, Brunton LL Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, pp. 1203-36.

  (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).
• FDA. https://www​.accessdata​.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs​/nda/2019/212526Orig1s000MultidisciplineR.pdf.

  (FDA website with product labels and initial clinical review of the safety and efficacy of alpelisib; states that virtually all patients treated with alpelisib with fulvestrant developed at least one adverse event and dose modifications were frequent, but ALT and AST elevations were usually mild-to-moderate, transient and asymptomatic, rising to above normal in 44% [vs 34% of controls] and above 5 times ULN in only 3% [vs 2% of controls] and no patient developed clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice).
• Rodon J, Curigliano G, Delord JP, Harb W, Azaro A, Han Y, Wilke C, et al. A Phase Ib, open-label, dose-finding study of alpelisib in combination with paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors. Oncotarget. 2018;9:31709–31718. [PMC free article: PMC6114962] [PubMed: 30167089]

  (Among 19 adults with various advanced solid tumors treated with escalating doses of alpelisib [150, 250, and 300 mg daily] with fixed doses of paclitaxel, dose-limiting toxicities were common [hyperglycemia, renal dysfunction, leukopenia] even at the lower doses, and the study was terminated early; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• Jain S, Shah AN, Santa-Maria CA, Siziopikou K, Rademaker A, Helenowski I, Cristofanilli M, et al. Phase I study of alpelisib (BYL-719) and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC)after trastuzumab and taxane therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;171:371–381. [PubMed: 29850984]

  (Among 17 patients with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer progressing despite trastuzumab and taxane therapy who were then treated with alpelisib and trastuzumab-emtansine, the objective response rate was 43% but side effects were frequent including aminotransferase elevations [76%, but none above 5 times ULN], hyperglycemia [53%], fatigue [53%], rash [47%], nausea [41%]; but both beneficial and adverse effects may have been due to trastuzumab-emtansine).
• Juric D, Janku F, Rodón J, Burris HA, Mayer IA, Schuler M, Seggewiss-Bernhardt R, et al. Alpelisib plus fulvestrant in PIK3CA-altered and PIK3CA-wild-type estrogen receptor-positive advanced breast cancer: a phase 1b clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5:e184475. [PMC free article: PMC6439561] [PubMed: 30543347]

  (Among 87 women with progressive ER+, HER2- breast cancer treated with escalating doses of alpelisib [300, 350 or 400 mg once daily], the objective response rate was 29% in the PIK3CA altered group but 0% in those with wild type alleles, while adverse events were common and led to dose modification in 69%, usually from hyperglycemia or rash; AST elevations arose in 15 patients [17%] but were above 5 times ULN in only 2, both in the highest dose cohort).
• Mayer IA, Prat A, Egle D, Blau S, Fidalgo JAP, Gnant M, Fasching PA, et al. A phase II randomized study of neoadjuvant letrozole plus alpelisib for hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer (NEO-ORB). Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25:2975–2987. [PMC free article: PMC6522303] [PubMed: 30723140]

  (Among 257 women with HR+, HER2- early breast cancer who were treated with neoadjuvant letrozole plus either alpelisib [300 mg] or placebo daily for 24 weeks, objective response rates were similar in the two groups regardless of PIK3CA mutation status [without 41% vs 45% and with 63% vs 61%], while adverse events were more frequent with alpelisib, including serious adverse events [12% vs 1%], discontinuations for adverse events [9% vs none] and ALT elevations [11% vs 2%] which were above 5 times ULN in 3% vs 1%).
• André F, Ciruelos E, Rubovszky G, Campone M, Loibl S, Rugo HS, Iwata H, et al. SOLAR-1 Study Group. Alpelisib for PIK3CA-mutated, hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1929–1940. [PubMed: 31091374]

  (Among 572 patients with advanced HR+, HER2- breast cancer treated with fulvestrant with either alpelisib or placebo, median progression free survival was 39.3 vs 31.4 months overall, but was 11.0 vs 5.7 months in those with PIK3-CA mutations; adverse events arose in 99.4% vs 68.6% and were considered severe in 63.8% vs 37.7%, with hyperglycemia in 64% vs 10% and rash in 36% vs 6%; no mention of rates of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• Markham A. Alpelisib: First Global Approval. Drugs. 2019;79:1249–1253. [PubMed: 31256368]

  (Review of the mechanism of action, history of development, pharmacology, clinical efficacy and safety of alpelisib shortly after its approval in the US as therapy in combination with fulvestrant for postmenopausal women or men with HR+, HER2-, PIK3CA-mutated advanced or metastatic breast cancer; adverse events were frequent including elevations in ALT levels in 44% vs 34% of controls treated with fulvestrant alone).
• Rugo HS, André F, Yamashita T, Cerda H, Toledano I, Stemmer SM, Jurado JC, et al. Time course and management of key adverse events during the randomized phase III SOLAR-1 study of PI3K inhibitor alpelisib plus fulvestrant in patients with HR-positive advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:1001–1010. [PubMed: 32416251]

  (Among 571 patients with advanced breast cancer treated with fulvestrant combined with alpelisib or placebo, adverse events arose in 99% vs 92%, including hyperglycemia [64% vs 10% usually within 2 weeks], diarrhea [58% vs 16%], decreased appetite [36% vs 11%] rash [36% vs 11%, usually within 1-2 weeks and decreased in incidence and severity by pretreating with antihistamines]; no discussion of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• Wang DG, Barrios DM, Blinder VS, Bromberg JF, Drullinsky PR, Funt SA, Jhaveri KL, et al. Dermatologic adverse events related to the PI3Kα inhibitor alpelisib (BYL719) in patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2020;183:227–237. [PMC free article: PMC7398571] [PubMed: 32613539]

  (Among 102 women receiving alpelisib for breast cancer, 41 [40%] develop rash, mean 13 days after starting chemotherapy and lasting an average of 7 days, biopsy showing perivascular and interface lymphocytic dermatitis, with minimal increase in eosinophil counts and in ALT levels usually responding to antihistamines and local corticosteroid therapy, among 16 who interrupted therapy, 12 restarted alpelisib, and none re-developed rash).
• André F, Ciruelos EM, Juric D, Loibl S, Campone M, Mayer IA, Rubovszky G, et al. Alpelisib plus fulvestrant for PIK3CA-mutated, hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative advanced breast cancer: final overall survival results from SOLAR-1. Ann Oncol. 2021;32:208–217. [PubMed: 33246021]

  (Among 572 patients with PIK3CA-mutated, HR+, HER2- breast cancer, treatment with alpelisib and fulvestrant resulted in a median overall survival of 39.2 months vs 31.4 months in those receiving fulvestrant alone).
• Narayan P, Prowell TM, Gao JJ, Fernandes LL, Li E, Jiang X, Qiu J, et al. FDA approval summary: alpelisib plus fulvestrant for patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative, PIK3CA-mutated, advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27:1842–1849. [PMC free article: PMC8535764] [PubMed: 33168657]

  (Review of the chemical, pharmacological, toxicologic, clinical and safety data that supported the FDA approval of alpelisib with fulvestrant as therapy of advanced or metastatic PIK3Ca mutant breast cancer; safety data was based on 571 trial participants, among whom dose discontinuations for adverse reactions were done in 25% on alpelisib and fulvestrant vs 4.5% on fulvestrant alone; mentions that ALT elevations arose in 44% of alpelisib treated subjects).
• Majeed U, Puiu T, Sluzevich J, Reynolds G, Acampora M, Moreno-Aspitia A, Bodiford KJ, et al. Case report: alpelisib-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms: a rare manifestation of a common side effect. Front Oncol. 2021;11:726785. [PMC free article: PMC8421674] [PubMed: 34504802]

  (52 year old woman with metastatic breast cancer developed rash 12 days after starting alpelisib, fulvestrant and cetirizine with periorbital edema, elevated white count, increase in eosinophils [1,310], decrease in platelets [72,000], and mild increase in liver tests [ALT 46 U/L, AST 74 U/L, bilirubin 1.7 mg/dL] [RegiSCAR score=8], responding rapidly to prednisone and not relapsing but having normal blood counts and liver tests 12 weeks after withdrawal).
• Handy C, Wesolowski R, Gillespie M, Lause M, Sardesai S, Williams N, Grimm M, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome in a patient with metastatic breast cancer treated with alpelisib. Breast Cancer (Auckl). 2021;15:11782234211037421. [PMC free article: PMC8408891] [PubMed: 34483661]

  (66 year old woman with PIK3 mutated breast cancer developed altered mental state 12 days after starting alpelisib and fulvestrant with hallucinations, asterixis, creatine 15 mg/dL, uric acid 16.2 mg/dL, high potassium and high phosphate levels which responded to fluid and electrolyte replacement, allopurinol and rasburicase, laboratory values returning to normal in the next week; she later tolerated restarting alpelisib and fulvestrant).