OVERVIEW

PRODUCT INFORMATION

REPRESENTATIVE TRADE NAMES

Panobinostat – Farydak®

DRUG CLASS

Antineoplastic Agents

COMPLETE LABELING

Product labeling at DailyMed, National Library of Medicine, NIH

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE

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DRUG	CAS REGISTRY NO	MOLECULAR FORMULA	STRUCTURE
Panobinostat	404950-80-7	C21-H23-N3-O2

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

References updated: 25 September 2020

• Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1999.

  (Review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999 before the availability of histone deacetylase inhibitors).
• DeLeve LD. Cancer chemotherapy. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, p. 549-68.

  (Review of hepatotoxicity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents does not discuss panobinostat).
• Wellstein A, Giaccone G, Atkins MB, Sausville EA. Inhibitors of histone deacetylase. Pathway targeted therapies: monoclonal antibodies, protein kinase inhibitors, and various small molecules. In, Brunton LL Hilal-Dandan R, Knollman BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018, p. 1230.

  (Textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics).
• Ellis L, Pan Y, Smyth GK, George DJ, McCormack C, Williams-Truax R, Mita M, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat induces clinical responses with associated alterations in gene expression profiles in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:4500–10. [PubMed: 18628465]

  (Among 10 patients with refractory CTCL given different doses of panobinostat, 6 had a clinical response and the optimal dose was 20 mg [given Monday, Wednesday and Friday], tumor gene expression changing with treatment, often with suppression of genes governing apoptosis, angiogenesis and immune modulation).
• Duvic M, Dummer R, Becker JC, Poulalhon N, Ortiz Romero P, Grazia Bernengo M, Lebbé C, et al. Panobinostat activity in both bexarotene-exposed and -naïve patients with refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: results of a phase II trial. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:386–94. [PubMed: 22981498]

  (Among 139 patients with refractory CTCL treated with panobinostat [20 mg thrice weekly] for an average of 3 months, the overall response rate was 17% and common side effects were thrombocytopenia [47%], diarrhea [42%], fatigue [33%], nausea [32%], anorexia [21%], neutropenia [15%] and creatinine elevation [13%]; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• Ghobrial IM, Campigotto F, Murphy TJ, Boswell EN, Banwait R, Azab F, Chuma S, et al. Results of a phase 2 trial of the single-agent histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat in patients with relapsed/refractory Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Blood. 2013;121:1296–303. [PMC free article: PMC3578951] [PubMed: 23287861]

  (Among 36 patients with Waldenström macroglobulin treated with panobinostat [25 or 30 mg three times weekly] for an average of 5 months, responses occurred in 17 [47%], but adverse events were frequent including diarrhea in 83%, thrombocytopenia 78%, neutropenia 69%, anemia 60%; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• Cassier PA, Lefranc A, Amela EY, Chevreau C, Bui BN, Lecesne A, Ray-Coquard I, et al. A phase II trial of panobinostat in patients with advanced pretreated soft tissue sarcoma. A study from the French Sarcoma Group. Br J Cancer. 2013;109:909–14. [PMC free article: PMC3749588] [PubMed: 23922114]

  (Among 47 patients with refractory, advanced soft tissue sarcoma treated with panobinostat [40 or 20 mg thrice weekly], the overall response rate was 0% and adverse events were common leading to a lowering of study dose; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• San-Miguel JF, Richardson PG, Günther A, Sezer O, Siegel D, Bladé J, LeBlanc R, et al. Phase Ib study of panobinostat and bortezomib in relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:3696–703. [PubMed: 24019544]

  (Among 47 patients with refractory multiple myeloma treated with the combination of panobinostat and bortezomib in various dose regimens, the overall response rate was 52% and toxicity was common, but manageable; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• San-Miguel JF, Hungria VT, Yoon SS, Beksac M, Dimopoulos MA, Elghandour A, Jedrzejczak WW, et al. Panobinostat plus bortezomib and dexamethasone versus placebo plus bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:1195–206. [PubMed: 25242045]

  (Among 768 patients with refractory multiple myeloma treated with bortezomib and dexamethasone combined with either panobinostat [20 mg thrice weekly for 2 weeks in 3 week cycles] or placebo with follow up of 6-47 months, progression-free, but not overall survival was longer with panobinostat therapy; adverse events that were more frequent with panobinostat included diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia; rates of serum ALT elevations were similar in the two groups [any: 31% vs 38%, and above 5 times ULN: 1.8% vs 1.3%]).
• Slingerland M, Hess D, Clive S, Sharma S, Sandstrom P, Loman N, Porro MG, et al. A phase I, open-label, multicenter study to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of oral panobinostat in patients with advanced solid tumors and various degrees of hepatic function. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2014;74:1089–98. [PubMed: 25253045]

  (Pharmacokinetic study of panobinostat in 25 patients with advanced malignancy, found higher peak serum levels in patients with hepatic dysfunction than in those without, but similar rate of adverse events).
• Berdeja JG, Hart LL, Mace JR, Arrowsmith ER, Essell JH, Owera RS, Hainsworth JD, et al. Phase I/II study of the combination of panobinostat and carfilzomib in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2015;100:670–6. [PMC free article: PMC4420216] [PubMed: 25710456]

  (Among 44 patients with advanced, refractory multiple myeloma treated with the combination of panobinostat [30 mg] and carfilzomib [20 or 45 mg/m²] in varying regimens, the overall response rate was 67% and adverse events were common, but manageable in most patients; ALT increases above 5 times ULN occurred in only 1 patient [2%]).
• Laubach JP, Moreau P, San-Miguel JF, Richardson PG. Panobinostat for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:4767–73. [PubMed: 26362997]

  (Review of the mechanism of action, pharmacology, clinical efficacy and toxicity of panobinostat as therapy of advanced multiple myeloma, mentions gastrointestinal and hematologic adverse events, but not ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• Panobinostat (Farydak) for multiple myeloma. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2015;57:e118–9. [PubMed: 26262884]

  (Concise summary of the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, safety and costs of panobinostat shortly after it was approved for use in multiple myeloma in the US, mentions that severe side effects include diarrhea, cytopenias, prolongation of the QTc interval and that “hemorrhage, infections and hepatotoxicity have also been reported”).
• Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al. United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:1340–52.e7. [PMC free article: PMC4446235] [PubMed: 25754159]

  (Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, 363 [36%] were attributed to antibiotics, none of which were attributed to panobinostat).
• Bringhen S, De Wit E, Dimopoulos MA. New agents in multiple myeloma: an examination of safety profiles. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2017;17:391–407.e5. [PubMed: 28601492]

  (Review of the safety profiles and adverse events of newer drugs for multiple myeloma including the histone deacetylase inhibitors – romidepsin, vorinostat and panobinostat, mentions that ALT elevations above 5 times ULN occur in 8% of patients treated with romidepsin, but no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity with vorinostat or panobinostat).
• Borrelli EP, McGladrigan CG. Differences in safety profiles of newly approved medications for multiple myeloma in real-world settings versus randomized controlled trials. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2020 Jul 19;:1078155220941937. [PubMed: 32686617]

  (Analysis of the most common adverse events reported to the FDA since approval of 4 new drugs for multiple myeloma identified the top ten adverse reactions to panobinostat to be diarrhea, death, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, nausea, peripheral edema, anorexia, constipation, fever, vomiting and cough; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• Moskowitz AJ, Horwitz SM. Targeting histone deacetylases in T-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2017;58:1306–19. [PubMed: 27813438]

  (Extensive review of the mechanism of action, classification, clinical efficacy and safety of histone deacetylase inhibitors in T-cell lymphomas, mentions that panobinostat is an oral hydroxamate that is approved for use in refractory or relapsed cutaneous T cell lymphoma, more common adverse effects of which are fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, dysgeusia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anorexia, weight loss and musculoskeletal pain;, no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity).
• Shah RR. Safety and tolerability of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in oncology. Drug Saf. 2019;42:235–45. [PubMed: 30649740]

  (Review of the safety of histone deacetylase inhibitors approved for use in the US mentions that elevations in serum aminotransferase levels have been reported during therapy with romidepsin, panobinostat and belinostat but not with vorinostat, and there have been no reports of clinically apparent hepatotoxicity, except for a single case of hepatic failure arising during a clinical trial of belinostat).