ARID/BRIGHT DNA binding domain of lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A); KDM5A, also called histone demethylase JARID1A, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1A, or Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBBP-2 or RBP2), was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner; its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK and BMAL1. KDM5A functions as the trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylase that belongs to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It also displays DNA-binding activities that can recognize the specific DNA sequence CCGCCC. KDM5A contains the catalytic JmjC domain, a JmjN domain, an AT-rich DNA-interacting domain (ARID, also known as BRIGHT), a C5HC2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244   84 TRVRLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTLKIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGYLPGKGTGSLLKSHYE 163
Cdd:cd16873     1 TRVKLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTLKIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASEGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRMGYLPGKGTGSLLKSHYE 80

                          90
                  ....*....|..
gi 110618244  164 RILYPYELFQSG 175
Cdd:cd16873    81 RILYPYELFQSG 92

PHD finger 3 found in Lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A); KDM5A, also termed Histone demethylase JARID1A, or Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1A, or Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBBP-2 or RBP2), was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK and BMAL1. KDM5A functions as a trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylase that belongs to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It also displays DNA-binding activities that can recognize the specific DNA sequence CCGCCC. KDM5A contains the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the third PHD finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 110618244 1608 AVCAAQNCQRPCKDKVDWVQCDGGCDEWFHQVCVGVSPEMAENEDYICINCA 1659
Cdd:cd15686     1 AVCAAQNCQRPCKDKVDWVQCDGGCDEWFHQVCVGVSPEMAENEDYICINCA 52

PHD finger 2 found in Lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A); KDM5A (also termed Histone demethylase JARID1A, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1A, or Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBBP-2 or RBP2)) was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK, and BMAL1. KDM5A functions as a trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylase that belongs to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It also displays DNA-binding activities that can recognize the specific DNA sequence CCGCCC. KDM5A contains the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the second PHD finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 110618244 1163 FCICRKTASGFMLQCELCKDWFHNSCVPLPKSS---SQKKGSSWQAKEVKFLCPLC 1215
Cdd:cd15606     1 YCICRKPFSGFMLQCELCKDWFHSSCVPLPKSSsqkKGGNGSGQGAKELKFLCPLC 56

C5HC2 zinc finger; Predicted zinc finger with eight potential zinc ligand binding residues. This domain is found in Jumonji. This domain may have a DNA binding function.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 110618244   676 CSACRTTCFLSALTCSCNPERLVCLYHPTDLCP-CPMQKKCLRYRYPLEDLPSL 728
Cdd:pfam02928    1 CSFCKAYCYLSAVTCSKCSGKVVCLRHAKELCSdCPPSKRTLLYRYTDDELEAL 54

ARID/BRIGHT DNA binding domain of lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A); KDM5A, also called histone demethylase JARID1A, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1A, or Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBBP-2 or RBP2), was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner; its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK and BMAL1. KDM5A functions as the trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylase that belongs to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It also displays DNA-binding activities that can recognize the specific DNA sequence CCGCCC. KDM5A contains the catalytic JmjC domain, a JmjN domain, an AT-rich DNA-interacting domain (ARID, also known as BRIGHT), a C5HC2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244   84 TRVRLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTLKIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGYLPGKGTGSLLKSHYE 163
Cdd:cd16873     1 TRVKLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTLKIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASEGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRMGYLPGKGTGSLLKSHYE 80

                          90
                  ....*....|..
gi 110618244  164 RILYPYELFQSG 175
Cdd:cd16873    81 RILYPYELFQSG 92

PHD finger 3 found in Lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A); KDM5A, also termed Histone demethylase JARID1A, or Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1A, or Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBBP-2 or RBP2), was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK and BMAL1. KDM5A functions as a trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylase that belongs to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It also displays DNA-binding activities that can recognize the specific DNA sequence CCGCCC. KDM5A contains the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the third PHD finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 110618244 1608 AVCAAQNCQRPCKDKVDWVQCDGGCDEWFHQVCVGVSPEMAENEDYICINCA 1659
Cdd:cd15686     1 AVCAAQNCQRPCKDKVDWVQCDGGCDEWFHQVCVGVSPEMAENEDYICINCA 52

ARID/BRIGHT DNA binding domain; Members of the recently discovered ARID (AT-rich interaction domain) family of DNA-binding proteins are found in fungi and invertebrate and vertebrate metazoans. ARID-encoding genes are involved in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development, cell lineage gene regulation and cell cycle control. Although the specific roles of this domain and of ARID-containing proteins in transcriptional regulation are yet to be elucidated, they include both positive and negative transcriptional regulation and a likely involvement in the modification of chromatin structure. The basic structure of the ARID domain domain appears to be a series of six alpha-helices separated by beta-strands, loops, or turns, but the structured region may extend to an additional helix at either or both ends of the basic six. Based on primary sequence homology, they can be partitioned into three structural classes: Minimal ARID proteins that consist of a core domain formed by six alpha helices; ARID proteins that supplement the core domain with an N-terminal alpha-helix; and Extended-ARID proteins, which contain the core domain and additional alpha-helices at their N- and C-termini.

                            10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244     85 RVRLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTL-KIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGYLPG-KGTGSLLKSHY 162
Cdd:smart01014    1 RERELFLDRLRKFMEKRGTPLdKIPVIGGKPLDLYRLYRAVQKRGGFDKVTKKKKWKQVARELGIPPSaTSAGTSLRKHY 80

                    ....*...
gi 110618244    163 ERILYPYE 170
Cdd:smart01014   81 EKYLLPYE 88

PHD finger 2 found in Lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A); KDM5A (also termed Histone demethylase JARID1A, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1A, or Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBBP-2 or RBP2)) was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK, and BMAL1. KDM5A functions as a trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylase that belongs to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It also displays DNA-binding activities that can recognize the specific DNA sequence CCGCCC. KDM5A contains the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the second PHD finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 110618244 1163 FCICRKTASGFMLQCELCKDWFHNSCVPLPKSS---SQKKGSSWQAKEVKFLCPLC 1215
Cdd:cd15606     1 YCICRKPFSGFMLQCELCKDWFHSSCVPLPKSSsqkKGGNGSGQGAKELKFLCPLC 56

C5HC2 zinc finger; Predicted zinc finger with eight potential zinc ligand binding residues. This domain is found in Jumonji. This domain may have a DNA binding function.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 110618244   676 CSACRTTCFLSALTCSCNPERLVCLYHPTDLCP-CPMQKKCLRYRYPLEDLPSL 728
Cdd:pfam02928    1 CSFCKAYCYLSAVTCSKCSGKVVCLRHAKELCSdCPPSKRTLLYRYTDDELEAL 54

A domain family that is part of the cupin metalloenzyme superfamily; Probable enzymes, but of unknown functions, that regulate chromatin reorganisation processes (Clissold and Ponting, in press).

                            10        20        30        40        50
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 110618244    443 WNLNNMPvLEQSVLAHINVDISGMKV-PWLYVGMCFSSFCWHIEDHWsySINYLHWGEP 500
Cdd:smart00558    3 WNLAKLP-FKLNLLSDLPEDIPGPDVgPYLYMGMAGSTTPWHIDDYD--LVNYLHQGAG 58

PHD zinc finger; The plant homeodomain (PHD) finger is a C4HC3 zinc-finger-like motif found in nuclear proteins thought to be involved in epigenetics and chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation. The PHD finger binds two zinc ions using the so-called 'cross-brace' motif and is thus structurally related to the RING finger and the FYVE finger. It is not yet known if PHD fingers have a common molecular function. Several reports suggest that it can function as a protein-protein interacton domain and it was recently demonstrated that the PHD finger of p300 can cooperate with the adjacent BROMO domain in nucleosome binding in vitro. Other reports suggesting that the PHD finger is a ubiquitin ligase have been refuted as these domains were RING fingers misidentified as PHD fingers.

                            10        20        30        40
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 110618244    295 VCMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCL-IPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKC 340
Cdd:smart00249    1 YCSVCGKPDDGGELLQCDGCDRWYHQTCLgPPLLEEEPDGKWYCPKC 47

PHD-finger; PHD folds into an interleaved type of Zn-finger chelating 2 Zn ions in a similar manner to that of the RING and FYVE domains. Several PHD fingers have been identified as binding modules of methylated histone H3.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 110618244  1164 CICRKT-ASGFMLQCELCKDWFHNSCVPLPKSSSqkkgsswQAKEVKFLCPLCMRS 1218
Cdd:pfam00628    3 AVCGKSdDGGELVQCDGCDDWFHLACLGPPLDPA-------EIPSGEWLCPECKPK 51

PHD-finger; PHD folds into an interleaved type of Zn-finger chelating 2 Zn ions in a similar manner to that of the RING and FYVE domains. Several PHD fingers have been identified as binding modules of methylated histone H3.

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 110618244  1615 CQRPCKDKvDWVQCDGgCDEWFHQVCVGVSPEMAE--NEDYICINC 1658
Cdd:pfam00628    5 CGKSDDGG-ELVQCDG-CDDWFHLACLGPPLDPAEipSGEWLCPEC 48

ARID/BRIGHT DNA binding domain of lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A); KDM5A, also called histone demethylase JARID1A, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1A, or Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBBP-2 or RBP2), was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner; its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK and BMAL1. KDM5A functions as the trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylase that belongs to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It also displays DNA-binding activities that can recognize the specific DNA sequence CCGCCC. KDM5A contains the catalytic JmjC domain, a JmjN domain, an AT-rich DNA-interacting domain (ARID, also known as BRIGHT), a C5HC2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244   84 TRVRLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTLKIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGYLPGKGTGSLLKSHYE 163
Cdd:cd16873     1 TRVKLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTLKIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASEGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRMGYLPGKGTGSLLKSHYE 80

                          90
                  ....*....|..
gi 110618244  164 RILYPYELFQSG 175
Cdd:cd16873    81 RILYPYELFQSG 92

ARID/BRIGHT DNA binding domain of JARID proteins; The JARID subfamily within the JmjC protein family includes lysine-specific demethylase KDM5A, KDM5B, KDM5C, KDM5D and a Drosophila homolog, protein little imaginal discs (Lid). KDM5A was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK and BMAL1. KDM5B has a restricted expression pattern in the testis, ovary, and transiently in the mammary gland of the pregnant female and has been shown to be upregulated in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis. Both KDM5A and KDM5B function as trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylases. KDM5C is a H3K4 trimethyl-histone demethylase that catalyzes demethylation of H3K4me3 and H3K4me2 to H3K4me1. It plays a role in neuronal survival and dendrite development. KDM5C defects are associated with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). KDM5D is a male-specific antigen that shows a demethylase activity specific for di- and tri-methylated histone H3K4 (H3K4me3 and H3K4me2), and has a male-specific function as a histone H3K4 demethylase by recruiting a meiosis-regulatory protein, MSH5, to condensed DNA. KDM5D directly interacts with a polycomb-like protein Ring6a/MBLR, and plays a role in regulation of transcriptional initiation through H3K4 demethylation. The family also includes Drosophila melanogaster protein little imaginal discs (Lid) that functions as a JmjC-dependent trimethyl histone H3K4 (H3K4me3) demethylase, which is required for dMyc-induced cell growth. It positively regulates Hox gene expression in S2 cells. Members of this subfamily contain the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the AT-rich domain interacting domain (ARID)/BRIGHT domain, a C5HC2 zinc finger, as well as two or three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244   84 TRVRLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTLKIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGYLPGKGTGSLLKSHYE 163
Cdd:cd16864     1 TRVKLNFLDQIAKFWELQGSSLKIPNVERKALDLFTLHKIVQEEGGFEEVTKERKWSKVARRLGYPPGKGVGSLLRGHYE 80

                  ....*..
gi 110618244  164 RILYPYE 170
Cdd:cd16864    81 RILYPYD 87

ARID/BRIGHT DNA binding domain of lysine-specific demethylase 5B (KDM5B); KDM5B, also called cancer/testis antigen 31 (CT31), histone demethylase JARID1B, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1B (JARID1B), PLU-1, or retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 homolog 1 (RBP2-H1 or RBBP2H1A), is a member of the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It has a restricted expression pattern in the testis, ovary, and transiently in the mammary gland of the pregnant female and has been shown to be upregulated in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis. KDM5B acts as a histone demethylase that catalyzes the removal of trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me3), induced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). It also mediates demethylation of H3K4me2 and H3K4me1. Moreover, KDM5B functions as a negative regulator of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and progenitor cell activity. KDM5B has also been shown to interact with the DNA binding transcription factors BF-1 and PAX9, as well as TIEG1/KLF10 (transforming growth factor-beta inducible earlygene-1/Kruppel-like transcription factor 10), and possibly function as a transcriptional corepressor. KDM5B contains the catalytic JmjC domain, a JmjN domain, an AT-rich DNA-interacting domain (ARID, also known as BRIGHT), a C5HC2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244   81 EAMTRVRLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTLKIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGYLPGKGTGSLLKS 160
Cdd:cd16874     1 EAQTRVKLNFLDQIAKFWELQGCTLKIPHVERKILDLFQLNKLVAEEGGFDLVCKERKWTKIATKMGFAPGKAVGSHIRA 80

                  ....*....
gi 110618244  161 HYERILYPY 169
Cdd:cd16874    81 HYERILYPY 89

PHD finger 1 found in Lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A); KDM5A (also termed Histone demethylase JARID1A, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1A, or Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBBP-2 or RBP2)) was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK and BMAL1. KDM5A functions as a trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylase that belongs to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It also displays DNA-binding activities that can recognize the specific DNA sequence CCGCCC. KDM5A contains the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 110618244  295 VCMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKCVAE 343
Cdd:cd15602     1 VCLFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKCVAE 49

ARID/BRIGHT DNA binding domain; Members of the recently discovered ARID (AT-rich interaction domain) family of DNA-binding proteins are found in fungi and invertebrate and vertebrate metazoans. ARID-encoding genes are involved in a variety of biological processes including embryonic development, cell lineage gene regulation and cell cycle control. Although the specific roles of this domain and of ARID-containing proteins in transcriptional regulation are yet to be elucidated, they include both positive and negative transcriptional regulation and a likely involvement in the modification of chromatin structure. The basic structure of the ARID domain domain appears to be a series of six alpha-helices separated by beta-strands, loops, or turns, but the structured region may extend to an additional helix at either or both ends of the basic six. Based on primary sequence homology, they can be partitioned into three structural classes: Minimal ARID proteins that consist of a core domain formed by six alpha helices; ARID proteins that supplement the core domain with an N-terminal alpha-helix; and Extended-ARID proteins, which contain the core domain and additional alpha-helices at their N- and C-termini.

                            10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244     85 RVRLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTL-KIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGYLPG-KGTGSLLKSHY 162
Cdd:smart01014    1 RERELFLDRLRKFMEKRGTPLdKIPVIGGKPLDLYRLYRAVQKRGGFDKVTKKKKWKQVARELGIPPSaTSAGTSLRKHY 80

                    ....*...
gi 110618244    163 ERILYPYE 170
Cdd:smart01014   81 EKYLLPYE 88

BRIGHT, ARID (A/T-rich interaction domain) domain; DNA-binding domain containing a helix-turn-helix structure

                            10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244     85 RVRLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTL-KIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGYlPGKGT--GSLLKSH 161
Cdd:smart00501    1 RERVLFLDRLYKFMEERGSPLkKIPVIGGKPLDLYRLYRLVQERGGYDQVTKDKKWKEIARELGI-PDTSTsaASSLRKH 79

                            90
                    ....*....|....
gi 110618244    162 YERILYPYELFQSG 175
Cdd:smart00501   80 YERYLLPYERFLRG 93

PHD finger 1 found in Drosophila melanogaster protein little imaginal discs (Lid) and similar proteins; Drosophila melanogaster Lid, also termed Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 homolog, is identified genetically as a trithorax group (trxG) protein that is a Drosophila homolog of the human protein JARID1A/kdm5A, a member of the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. Lid functions as a JmjC-dependent trimethyl histone H3K4 (H3K4me3) demethylase, which is required for dMyc-induced cell growth. It positively regulates Hox gene expression in S2 cells. Lid contains the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger of Lid.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 110618244  295 VCMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKC 340
Cdd:cd15605     1 VCHTCGRGDGEESMLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLLPPLSEVPKGDWRCPKC 46

PHD finger 2 found in Lysine-specific demethylase 5A (KDM5A); KDM5A (also termed Histone demethylase JARID1A, Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1A, or Retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 (RBBP-2 or RBP2)) was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interacting with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK, and BMAL1. KDM5A functions as a trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylase that belongs to the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It also displays DNA-binding activities that can recognize the specific DNA sequence CCGCCC. KDM5A contains the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the second PHD finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 110618244 1163 FCICRKTASGFMLQCELCKDWFHNSCVPLPKSS---SQKKGSSWQAKEVKFLCPLC 1215
Cdd:cd15606     1 YCICRKPFSGFMLQCELCKDWFHSSCVPLPKSSsqkKGGNGSGQGAKELKFLCPLC 56

ARID/BRIGHT DNA binding domain family; The AT-rich interaction domain (ARID) family of transcription factors, found in a broad array of organisms from fungi to mammals, is characterized by a highly conserved, helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain that binds to the major groove of DNA. The ARID domain, also called BRIGHT, was first identified in the mouse B-cell-specific transcription factor Bright and in the product of the dead ringer (dri) gene of Drosophila melanogaster. ARID family members are implicated in normal development, differentiation, cell cycle regulation, transcriptional activation and chromatin remodeling. Different family members exhibit different DNA-binding properties. Drosophila Dri, mammalian ARID3A/3B/3C and ARID5A/5B, selectively bind AT-rich sites. However, ARID1A/1B, Drosophila Osa, yeast SWI1, ARID2, ARID4A/4B, JARID1A/1B/1C/1D, and JARID2, bind DNA without sequence specificity.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244   87 RLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTL-KIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGY-LPGKGTGSLLKSHYER 164
Cdd:cd16100     2 REEFLEQLRAFLESRGTPLlKPPTIGGKPLDLYKLYRAVVSRGGYEKVTEKKLWKEVARKLGLpTSSTSAAQALKRIYEK 81

                  ....*.
gi 110618244  165 ILYPYE 170
Cdd:cd16100    82 YLLPFE 87

PHD finger 3 found in lysine-specific demethylase 5B (KDM5B); KDM5B, also termed Cancer/testis antigen 31 (CT31), or Histone demethylase JARID1B, or Jumonji/ARID domain-containing protein 1B (JARID1B), or PLU-1, or retinoblastoma-binding protein 2 homolog 1 (RBP2-H1 or RBBP2H1A), is a member of the JARID subfamily within the JmjC proteins. It has a restricted expression pattern in the testis, ovary, and transiently in the mammary gland of the pregnant female and has been shown to be upregulated in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis. KDM5B acts as a histone demethylase that catalyzes the removal of trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me3), induced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). It also mediates demethylation of H3K4me2 and H3K4me1. Moreover, KDM5B functions as a negative regulator of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and progenitor cell activity. KDM5B has also been shown to interact with the DNA binding transcription factors BF-1 and PAX9, as well as TIEG1/KLF10 (transforming growth factor-beta inducible early gene-1/Kruppel-like transcription factor 10), and possibly function as a transcriptional corepressor. KDM5B contains the catalytic JmjC domain, JmjN, the BRIGHT domain, which is an AT-rich interacting domain (ARID), and a Cys5HisCys2 zinc finger, as well as three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. This model corresponds to the third PHD finger.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244 1609 VCAAQNCQRPCKDKVDWVQCDGGCDEWFHQVCVGVSPEMAENEDYICINC 1658
Cdd:cd15687     1 LCPAVSCLQPEGEEVDWVQCDGSCNRWFHQVCVGVSAEMAEKEDYICVSC 50

Small domain found in the jumonji family of transcription factors; To date, this domain always co-occurs with the JmjC domain (although the reverse is not true).

                            10        20        30        40
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 110618244     18 ECPVFEPSWEEFTDPLSFIGRIRPLAEKTGICKIRPPKDWQP 59
Cdd:smart00545    1 EIPVFYPTMEEFKDPLAYISKIRPQAEKYGICKVVPPKSWKP 42

PHD finger 1 found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Lid2 complex component Lid2p and similar proteins; Lid2p is a trimethyl H3K4 (H3K4me3) demethylase responsible for H3K4 hypomethylation in heterochromatin. It interacts with the histone lysine-9 methyltransferase, Clr4, through the Dos1/Clr8-Rik1 complex, and mediates H3K9 methylation and small RNA production. It also acts cooperatively with the histone modification enzymes Set1 and Lsd1 and plays an essential role in cross-talk between H3K4 and H3K9 methylation in euchromatin. Lid2p contains a JmjC domain, three PHD fingers and a JmjN domain. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 110618244  295 VCMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKC 340
Cdd:cd15519     1 GCEVCGLDDNEGEVLLCDGCDAEYHTSCLDPPLGEIPPGTWFCPSC 46

C5HC2 zinc finger; Predicted zinc finger with eight potential zinc ligand binding residues. This domain is found in Jumonji. This domain may have a DNA binding function.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 110618244   676 CSACRTTCFLSALTCSCNPERLVCLYHPTDLCP-CPMQKKCLRYRYPLEDLPSL 728
Cdd:pfam02928    1 CSFCKAYCYLSAVTCSKCSGKVVCLRHAKELCSdCPPSKRTLLYRYTDDELEAL 54

PHD finger found in PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (PHRF1); PHRF1, also termed KIAA1542, or CTD-binding SR-like protein rA9, is a ubiquitin ligase that induces the ubiquitination of TGIF (TG-interacting factor) at lysine 130. It acts as a tumor suppressor that promotes the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta cytostatic program through selective release of TGIF-driven promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) inactivation. PHRF1 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and a RING finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 110618244  296 CMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKC 340
Cdd:cd15536     2 CEVCGRSDREDRLLLCDGCDAGYHMECLTPPLDEVPIEEWFCPEC 46

A domain family that is part of the cupin metalloenzyme superfamily; Probable enzymes, but of unknown functions, that regulate chromatin reorganisation processes (Clissold and Ponting, in press).

                            10        20        30        40        50
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 110618244    443 WNLNNMPvLEQSVLAHINVDISGMKV-PWLYVGMCFSSFCWHIEDHWsySINYLHWGEP 500
Cdd:smart00558    3 WNLAKLP-FKLNLLSDLPEDIPGPDVgPYLYMGMAGSTTPWHIDDYD--LVNYLHQGAG 58

ARID/BRIGHT DNA binding domain found in AT-rich interactive domain-containing proteins ARID1A, ARID1B and similar proteins; This subfamily contains ARID1A and its paralog ARID1B. They are mutually exclusive components of human SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling protein complexes, but display different functions in development and cell-cycle control. SWI/SNF complexes containing ARID1A have an antiproliferative function, whereas the one harboring ARID1B shows a pro-proliferative function. ARID1A functions as an important tumor suppressor in various tumor types. It has been implicated in cell-cycle arrest, as well as in the interactions with p53 and BRG1/BRM and with topoisomerase II alpha. ARID1B may be considered as a potential therapeutic target for ARID1A-mutant cancers. Moreover, mutations in the ARID1B gene cause Coffin-Siris syndrome, exhibiting developmental defects, and haplo-insufficiency of ARID1B is a frequent cause of intellectual disability. Mutations in the ARID1B gene also have been found in many cancers. Both ARID1A and ARID1B contain an AT-rich DNA-interacting domain (ARID, also known as BRIGHT), which binds DNA in a non-sequence-specific manner.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244   87 RLDFLDQLAKFWELQGSTLK-IPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGYLPGKGTGSLLKSHYERI 165
Cdd:cd16865     3 RRPFLDRLLRFMEERGSPITnCPQISKQPLDLFRLYVTVKERGGVAEVTKNKKWKEICTELNIGASSSAAFTLRKNYIKY 82

                  ....*
gi 110618244  166 LYPYE 170
Cdd:cd16865    83 LLAYE 87

PHD zinc finger; The plant homeodomain (PHD) finger is a C4HC3 zinc-finger-like motif found in nuclear proteins thought to be involved in epigenetics and chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation. The PHD finger binds two zinc ions using the so-called 'cross-brace' motif and is thus structurally related to the RING finger and the FYVE finger. It is not yet known if PHD fingers have a common molecular function. Several reports suggest that it can function as a protein-protein interacton domain and it was recently demonstrated that the PHD finger of p300 can cooperate with the adjacent BROMO domain in nucleosome binding in vitro. Other reports suggesting that the PHD finger is a ubiquitin ligase have been refuted as these domains were RING fingers misidentified as PHD fingers.

                            10        20        30        40
                    ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 110618244    295 VCMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCL-IPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKC 340
Cdd:smart00249    1 YCSVCGKPDDGGELLQCDGCDRWYHQTCLgPPLLEEEPDGKWYCPKC 47

PHD finger found in bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 2A (BAZ2A); BAZ2A, also termed transcription termination factor I-interacting protein 5 (TTF-I-interacting protein 5, or Tip5), or WALp3, is an epigenetic regulator. It has been implicated in epigenetic rRNA gene silencing, as the large subunit of the SNF2h-containing chromatin-remodeling complex NoRC that induces nucleosome sliding in an ATP- and histone H4 tail-dependent fashion. BAZ2A has also been shown to be broadly overexpressed in prostate cancer, to regulate numerous protein-coding genes and to cooperate with EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) to maintain epigenetic silencing at genes repressed in prostate cancer metastasis. Its overexpression is tightly associated with a prostate cancer subtype displaying CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in tumors and with prostate cancer recurrence in patients. It contains a TAM (TIP5/ARBP/MBD) domain, a DDT domain, four AT-hooks, BAZ 1 and BAZ 2 motifs, a WAKZ (WSTF/Acf1/KIAA0314/ZK783.4) motif, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, and a bromodomain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 110618244  296 CMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKCV 341
Cdd:cd15629     2 CLVCRKGDNDEYLLLCDGCDRGCHMYCHRPKMLQVPEGDWFCPNCV 47

PHD finger found in Transcription factor 19 (TCF-19), Lysine-specific demethylase KDM5A and KDM5B, and other similar proteins; TCF-19 was identified as a putative trans-activating factor with expression beginning at the late G1-S boundary in dividing cells. It functions as a novel islet factor necessary for proliferation and survival in the INS-1 beta cell line. It plays an important role in susceptibility to both Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM); it has been suggested that it may positively impact beta cell mass under conditions of beta cell stress and increased insulin demand. KDM5A was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interaction with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK, and BMAL1. KDM5B has a restricted expression pattern in the testis, ovary, and transiently in the mammary gland of the pregnant female and has been shown to be upregulated in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis. Both KDM5A and KDM5B function as trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylases. This family also includes Caenorhabditis elegans Lysine-specific demethylase 7 homolog (ceKDM7A). ceKDM7A (also termed JmjC domain-containing protein 1.2, PHD finger protein 8 homolog, or PHF8 homolog) is a plant homeodomain (PHD)- and JmjC domain-containing protein that functions as a histone demethylase specific for H3K9me2 and H3K27me2. The binding of the PHD finger to H3K4me3 guides H3K9me2- and H3K27me2-specific demethylation by its catalytic JmjC domain in a trans-histone regulation mechanism. In addition, this family includes plant protein OBERON 1 and OBERON 2, Alfin1-like (AL) proteins, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) HAC, and AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 4 (ARID4).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 110618244 1609 VCAaqNCQRPCK-DKVDWVQCDGgCDEWFHQVCVGVSPEM-AENEDYICINC 1658
Cdd:cd15517     1 VCG--ICNLETAaVDELWVQCDG-CDKWFHQFCLGLSNERyADEDKFKCPNC 49

PHD finger found in ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein UHRF1 and UHRF2; UHRF1 is a unique chromatin effector protein that integrates the recognition of both histone PTMs and DNA methylation. It is essential for cell proliferation and plays a critical role in the development and progression of many human carcinomas, such as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. UHRF1 acts as a transcriptional repressor through its binding to histone H3 when it is unmodified at Arg2. Its overexpression in human lung fibroblasts results in downregulation of expression of the tumour suppressor pRB. It also plays a role in transcriptional repression of the cell cycle regulator p21. Moreover, UHRF1-dependent repression of transcription factors can facilitate the G1-S transition. It interacts with Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa (TIP60) and induces degradation-independent ubiquitination of TIP60. It is also an N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG)-interacting protein that binds MPG in a p53 status-independent manner in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. In addition, UHRF1 functions as an epigenetic regulator that is important for multiple aspects of epigenetic regulation, including maintenance of DNA methylation patterns and recognition of various histone modifications. UHRF2 was originally identified as a ubiquitin ligase acting as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase that enhances zinc finger protein 131 (ZNF131) SUMOylation but does not enhance ZNF131 ubiquitination. It also ubiquitinates PCNP, a PEST-containing nuclear protein. Moreover, UHRF2 functions as a nuclear protein involved in cell-cycle regulation and has been implicated in tumorigenesis. It interacts with cyclins, CDKs, p53, pRB, PCNA, HDAC1, DNMTs, G9a, methylated histone H3 lysine 9, and methylated DNA. It interacts with the cyclin E-CDK2 complex, ubiquitinates cyclins D1 and E1, induces G1 arrest, and is involved in the G1/S transition regulation. Furthermore, UHRF2 is a direct transcriptional target of the transcription factor E2F-1 in the induction of apoptosis. It recruits HDAC1 and binds to methyl-CpG. UHRF2 also participates in the maturation of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) by interacting with the HBV core protein and promoting its degradation. Both UHRF1 and UHRF2 contain an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), a tandem Tudor domain (TTD), a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a SET- and RING-associated (SRA) domain, and a C-terminal RING finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 110618244  296 CMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVPKGD-WRCPKC 340
Cdd:cd15525     2 CHVCGGKQDPEKQLLCDECDMAYHLYCLDPPLTSLPDDDeWYCPDC 47

ARID/BRIGHT DNA binding domain of AT-rich interactive domain-containing proteins ARID5A, ARID5B, and similar proteins; This subfamily contains ARID5A and its paralog ARID5B. ARID5A, also called modulator recognition factor 1 (MRF-1), is an estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha)-interacting protein that is expressed abundantly in cardiovascular tissues and suppresses ER alpha-induced transactivation. It also plays an important role in the promotion of inflammatory processes and autoimmune diseases. ARID5B, also called MRF1-like protein or modulator recognition factor 2 (MRF-2), is a DNA-binding protein that directly interacts with plant homeodomain (PHD) finger 2 (PHF2) to form a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent PHF2-ARID5B histone H3K9Me2 demethylase complex. It also functions as a transcriptional co-regulator for the transcription factor sex determining region Y (SRY)-box protein 9 (Sox9) and promotes chondrogenesis through histone modification. Moreover, ARID5B is highly expressed in the cardiovascular system and may play essential roles in the phenotypic change of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) through its regulation of SMC differentiation. Both ARID5A and ARID5B contain an AT-rich DNA-interacting domain (ARID, also known as BRIGHT).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 110618244   89 DFLDQLAKFWELQGSTL-KIPVVERKILDLYALSKIVASKGGFEMVTKEKKWSKVGSRLGYLPGKGTGSLL-KSHYERIL 166
Cdd:cd16869     4 AFLKLLYKFMKDRGTPIeRIPHLGFKQIDLYTFFKLVQKLGGYEQVTAKRLWKHVYDELGGNPSSTSAATCtRRHYEKLL 83

                  ....
gi 110618244  167 YPYE 170
Cdd:cd16869    84 LPYE 87

PHD finger 2 found in monocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (MOZ) and its factor (MORF); MOZ, also termed histone acetyltransferase KAT6A, YBF2/SAS3, SAS2 and TIP60 protein 3 (MYST-3), or runt-related transcription factor-binding protein 2, or zinc finger protein 220, is a MYST-type histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that functions as a coactivator for acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (AML1)- and p53-dependent transcription. It possesses intrinsic HAT activity to acetylate both itself and lysine (K) residues on histone H2B, histone H3 (K14) and histone H4 (K5, K8, K12 and K16) in vitro and H3K9 in vivo. MOZ-related factor (MORF), also termed MOZ2, or histone acetyltransferase KAT6B, or MOZ, YBF2/SAS3, SAS2 and TIP60 protein 4 (MYST4), is a ubiquitously expressed transcriptional regulator with intrinsic HAT activity. It can interact with the Runt-domain transcription factor Runx2 and form a tetrameric complex with BRPFs, ING5, and EAF6. Both MOZ and MORF are catalytic subunits of HAT complexes that are required for normal developmental programs, such as hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, and skeletogenesis, and are also implicated in human leukemias. MOZ is also the catalytic subunit of a tetrameric inhibitor of growth 5 (ING5) complex, which specifically acetylates nucleosomal histone H3K14. Moreover, MOZ and MORF are involved in regulating transcriptional activation mediated by Runx2 (or Cbfa1), a Runt-domain transcription factor known to play important roles in T cell lymphomagenesis and bone development, and its homologs. MOZ contains a linker histone 1 and histone 5 domains and two plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers. In contrast, MORF contains an N-terminal region containing two PHD fingers, a putative HAT domain, an acidic region, and a C-terminal Ser/Met-rich domain. The family corresponds to the first PHD finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 110618244  296 CMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKC 340
Cdd:cd15527     2 CSVCQDSGNADNLLFCDACDKGFHMECHDPPLTRMPKGKWVCQIC 46

PHD finger 1 found in autoimmune regulator (AIRE); AIRE, also termed autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) protein, functions as a regulator of gene transcription in the thymus. It is essential for prevention of autoimmunity. AIRE plays a critical role in the induction of central tolerance. It promotes self-tolerance through tissue-specific antigen (TSA) expression. It also acts as an active regulator of chondrocyte differentiation. AIRE contains a homogeneously-staining region (HSR) or caspase-recruitment domain (CARD), a nuclear localization signal (NLS), a SAND (for Sp100, AIRE, nuclear phosphoprotein 41/75 or NucP41/75, and deformed epidermal auto regulatory factor 1 or Deaf1) domain, two plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers, and four LXXLL (where L stands for leucine) motifs. This model corresponds to the first PHD finger that recognizes the unmethylated tail of histone H3 and targets AIRE-dependent genes.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 110618244  296 CMFCGRGNNedkLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKC 340
Cdd:cd15539     2 CAVCGDGGE---LLCCDGCPRAFHLACLVPPLTLIPSGTWRCSSC 43

PHD finger found in ubiquitin-like PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (UHRF1); UHRF1 (also termed inverted CCAAT box-binding protein of 90 kDa, nuclear protein 95, nuclear zinc finger protein Np95 (Np95), RING finger protein 106, transcription factor ICBP90, or E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UHRF1) is a unique chromatin effector protein that integrates the recognition of both histone PTMs and DNA methylation. It is essential for cell proliferation and plays a critical role in the development and progression of many human carcinomas, such as laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), gastric cancer (GC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. UHRF1 acts as a transcriptional repressor through its binding to histone H3 when it is unmodified at Arg2. Its overexpression in human lung fibroblasts results in downregulation of expression of the tumour suppressor pRB. It also plays a role in transcriptional repression of the cell cycle regulator p21. Moreover, UHRF1-dependent repression of transcription factors can facilitate the G1-S transition. It interacts with Tat-interacting protein of 60 kDa (TIP60) and induces degradation-independent ubiquitination of TIP60. It is also an N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG)-interacting protein that binds MPG in a p53 status-independent manner in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. In addition, UHRF1 functions as an epigenetic regulator that is important for multiple aspects of epigenetic regulation, including maintenance of DNA methylation patterns and recognition of various histone modifications. UHRF1 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (UBL), a tandem Tudor domain (TTD), a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a SET and RING finger associated (SRA) domain, and a C-terminal RING-finger domain. It specifically binds to hemimethylated DNA, double-stranded CpG dinucleotides, and recruits the maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1 to its hemimethylated DNA substrate through its SRA domain. UHRF1-dependent H3K23 ubiquitylation has an essential role in maintaining DNA methylation and replication. The tandem Tudor domain directs UHRF1 binding to the heterochromatin mark histone H3K9me3 and the PHD finger targets UHRF1 to unmodified histone H3 in euchromatic regions. The RING-finger domain exhibit both autocatalytic E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase activity and activity against histone H3 and DNMT1.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 110618244  296 CMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVP-KGDWRCPKC 340
Cdd:cd15616     2 CHVCGGKQDPDKQLMCDECDMAFHIYCLNPPLSSIPdDEDWYCPEC 47

PHD finger 2 found in d4 gene family proteins; The family includes proteins coded by three members of the d4 gene family, DPF1 (neuro-d4), DPF2 (ubi-d4/Requiem), and DPF3 (cer-d4), which function as transcription factors and are involved in transcriptional regulation of genes by changing the condensed/decondensed state of chromatin in the nucleus. DPF2 is ubiquitously expressed and it acts as a transcription factor that may participate in developmentally programmed cell death. DPF1 and DPF3 are expressed predominantly in neural tissues, and they may be involved in the transcription regulation of neuro-specific gene clusters. The d4 family proteins show distinct domain organization with domain 2/3 in the N-terminal region, a Cys2His2 (C2H2) zinc finger or Kruppel-type zinc finger in the central part and two adjacent plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers (d4-domain) in the C-terminal part of the molecule. This model corresponds to the second PHD finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 110618244  296 CMFCGRGNNEDKLLLCDGCDDSYHTFCLIPPLPDVPKGDWRCPKC 340
Cdd:cd15530     2 CSLCGTSENDDQLLFCDDCDRGYHMYCLSPPMSEPPEGSWSCHLC 46