cys-based protein tyrosine phosphatase and dual-specificity phosphatase superfamily; This superfamily is composed of cys-based phosphatases, which includes classical protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) as well as dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs or DSPs). They are characterized by a CxxxxxR conserved catalytic loop (where C is the catalytic cysteine, x is any amino acid, and R is an arginine). PTPs are part of the tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation regulatory mechanism, and are important in the response of the cells to physiologic and pathologic changes in their environment. DUSPs show more substrate diversity (including RNA and lipids) and include pTyr, pSer, and pThr phosphatases.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1207734488  78 IMQEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEVLR 119
Cdd:cd14596   166 IEKDLSFNIKDIVREMRQQRYGMIQTKDQYLFCYKVVLEVLQ 207

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 20; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 20 (PTPN20) belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. Human PTPN20 is a widely expressed phosphatase with a dynamic subcellular distribution that is targeted to sites of actin polymerization.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1207734488  78 IMQEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEVLR 119
Cdd:cd14596   166 IEKDLSFNIKDIVREMRQQRYGMIQTKDQYLFCYKVVLEVLQ 207

Protein-tyrosine phosphatase;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1207734488  73 TAAYDIMQEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLE 116
Cdd:pfam00102 191 IALQQLEAEGEVDIFQIVKELRSQRPGMVQTLEQYIFLYDAILE 234

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 20; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 20 (PTPN20) belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. Human PTPN20 is a widely expressed phosphatase with a dynamic subcellular distribution that is targeted to sites of actin polymerization.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1207734488  78 IMQEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEVLR 119
Cdd:cd14596   166 IEKDLSFNIKDIVREMRQQRYGMIQTKDQYLFCYKVVLEVLQ 207

Protein tyrosine phosphatase, catalytic domain;

                           10        20        30
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1207734488   78 IMQEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLE 116
Cdd:smart00194 221 LEAGKEVDIFEIVKELRSQRPGMVQTEEQYIFLYRAILE 259

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13 (PTPN13, also known as PTPL1) belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. Human PTPN13 is an important regulator of tumor aggressiveness. It regulates breast cancer cell aggressiveness through direct inactivation of Src kinase. In hepatocellular carcinoma, PTPN13 is a tumor suppressor. PTPN13 contains a FERM domain, five PDZ domains, and a C-terminal catalytic PTP domain. With its PDZ domains, PTPN13 has numerous interacting partners that can actively participate in the regulation of its phosphatase activity or can permit direct or indirect recruitment of tyrosine phosphorylated substrates. Its FERM domain is necessary for localization to the membrane.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1207734488  78 IMQEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEVL 118
Cdd:cd14597   194 ISKDLDFDISDIVRTMRLQRHGMVQTEDQYIFCYQVILYVL 234

Protein tyrosine phosphatase, catalytic domain motif;

                           10        20        30
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1207734488   84 FNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLE 116
Cdd:smart00404  73 VDIFDTVKELRSQRPGMVQTEEQYLFLYRALLE 105

fungal protein tyrosine phosphatases; This subfamily contains Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein-tyrosine phosphatases 1 (PTP1) and 2 (PTP2), Schizosaccharomyces pombe PTP1, PTP2, and PTP3, and similar fungal proteins. PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides; they regulate phosphotyrosine levels in signal transduction pathways. PTP2, together with PTP3, is the major phosphatase that dephosphorylates and inactivates the MAP kinase HOG1 and also modulates its subcellular localization.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1207734488  86 IMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYD 112
Cdd:cd18533   186 VYEIVNQLRKQRMSMVQTLRQYIFLYD 212

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 18; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 18 (PTPN18), also called brain-derived phosphatase, belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN18 regulates HER2-mediated cellular functions through defining both its phosphorylation and ubiquitination states. The N-terminal catalytic PTP domain of PTPN18 blocks lysosomal routing and delays the degradation of HER2 by dephosphorylation, and its C-terminal PEST domain promotes K48-linked HER2 ubiquitination and its destruction via the proteasome pathway.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1207734488  84 FNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEV 117
Cdd:cd14603   232 FSIFDVVLEMRKQRPAAVQTEEQYEFLYHTVAQM 265

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 22, type 18 and type 12; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), type 18 (PTPN18) and type 12 (PTPN12) belong to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN22 is expressed in hematopoietic cells and it functions as a key regulator of immune homeostasis by inhibiting T-cell receptor signaling through the direct dephosphorylation of Src family kinases (Lck and Fyn), ITAMs of the TCRz/CD3 complex, and other signaling molecules. TPN18 regulates HER2-mediated cellular functions through defining both its phosphorylation and ubiquitination states. PTPN12 is characterized as a tumor suppressor and a pivotal regulator of EGFR/HER2 signaling.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1207734488  84 FNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCY 111
Cdd:cd14542   174 FSLFDLVREMRKQRPAMVQTKEQYELVY 201

catalytic domain of the kinase interaction motif (KIM) family of protein-tyrosine phosphatases; The kinase interaction motif (KIM) family of protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) includes tyrosine-protein phosphatases non-receptor type 7 (PTPN7) and non-receptor type 5 (PTPN5), and protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor type R (PTPRR). PTPN7 is also called hematopoietic protein-tyrosine phosphatase (HePTP) while PTPN5 is also called striatal-enriched protein-tyrosine phosphatase (STEP). They belong to the family of classical tyrosine-specific PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) that catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. KIM-PTPs are characterized by the presence of a 16-amino-acid KIM that binds specifically to members of the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) family. They are highly specific to the MAPKs ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and p38, over JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase); they dephosphorylate these kinases and thereby critically modulate cell proliferation and differentiation.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1207734488  80 QEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHF 109
Cdd:cd14547   192 EEGVVDVLGIVCQLRLDRGGMVQTAEQYEF 221

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 22; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), also called lymphoid phosphatase (LyP), PEST-domain phosphatase (PEP), or hematopoietic cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase 70Z-PEP, belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN22 is expressed in hematopoietic cells and it functions as a key regulator of immune homeostasis by inhibiting T-cell receptor signaling through the direct dephosphorylation of Src family kinases (Lck and Fyn), ITAMs of the TCRz/CD3 complex, and other signaling molecules. Mutations in the PTPN22 gene are associated with multiple connective tissue and autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. PTPN22 contains an N-terminal catalytic PTP domain and four proline-rich regions at the C-terminus.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1207734488  84 FNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEV 117
Cdd:cd14602   200 FSVFSLIQEMRTQRPSLVQTKEQYELVYNAVIEL 233

PTP domain of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase T, repeat 2; Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase T (PTPRT), also known as receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase rho (RPTP-rho or PTPrho), belongs to the type IIb subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), which belong to the larger family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPRT is highly expressed in the nervous system and it plays a critical role in regulation of synaptic formation and neuronal development. It dephosphorylates a specific tyrosine residue in syntaxin-binding protein 1, a key component of synaptic vesicle fusion machinery, and regulates its binding to syntaxin 1. PTPRT has been identified as a potential candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) susceptibility. It contains an extracellular region with an Meprin-A5 (neuropilin)-mu (MAM) domain, an immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, and four fibronectin type III (FN3) repeats, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular segment with a juxtamembrane domain similar to the cytoplasmic domain of classical cadherins and two tandem PTP domains. This model represents the second (repeat 2) PTP domain.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1207734488  78 IMQEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLE 116
Cdd:cd14634   168 IQQQNIIDVFHTVKTLRNNKSNMVETLEQYKFVYEVALE 206

PTP-like domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 23; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 23 (PTPN23), also called His domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP) or protein tyrosine phosphatase TD14 (PTP-TD14), is a catalytically inactive member of the tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. Human PTPN23 may be involved in the regulation of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein assembly and pre-mRNA splicing by modifying the survival motor neuron (SMN) complex. It plays a role in ciliogenesis and is part of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathways. PTPN23 contains five domains: a BRO1-like domain that plays a role in endosomal sorting; a V-domain that interacts with Lys63-linked polyubiquitinated substrates; a central proline-rich region that might recruit SH3-containing proteins; a PTP-like domain; and a proteolytic degradation-targeting motif, also known as a PEST sequence.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1207734488  85 NIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYD 112
Cdd:cd14539   178 DLPQLVRKMRQQRKYMLQEKEHLKFCYE 205

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 3; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 3 (PTPN3), also called protein-tyrosine phosphatase H1 (PTP-H1), belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN3 interacts with mitogen-activated protein kinase p38gamma and serves as its specific phosphatase. PTPN3 and p38gamma cooperate to promote Ras-induced oncogenesis. PTPN3 is a large modular protein containing an N-terminal FERM domain, a PDZ domain and a C-terminal catalytic PTP domain. Its PDZ domain binds with the PDZ-binding motif of p38gamma and enables efficient tyrosine dephosphorylation.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1207734488  87 MDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEVLRK 120
Cdd:cd14600   241 LDIVRKMRDQRAMMVQTSSQYKFVCEAILRVYEE 274

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 7; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 7 (PTPN7), also called hematopoietic protein-tyrosine phosphatase (HePTP) or LC-PTP. belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN7/HePTP is a kinase interaction motif (KIM)-PTP, characterized by the presence of a 16-amino-acid KIM that binds specifically to members of the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) family. PTPN7/HePTP is found exclusively in the white blood cells in bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and all myeloid and lymphoid cell lines. It negatively regulates T-cell activation and proliferation, and is often dysregulated in the preleukemic disorder myelodysplastic syndrome, as well as in acute myelogenous leukemia.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1207734488  85 NIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCY 111
Cdd:cd14612   215 DILGIVCQLRLDRGGMIQTSEQYQFLH 241

catalytic domain of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase A, repeat 2; Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase A (PTPRA), also known as receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase alpha (R-PTP-alpha), belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPRA is a positive regulator of Src and Src family kinases via dephosphorylation of the Src-inhibitory tyrosine 527. Thus, it affects transformation and tumorigenesis, inhibition of proliferation, cell cycle arrest, integrin signaling, neuronal differentiation and outgrowth, and ion channel activity. It is also involved in interleukin-1 signaling in fibroblasts through its interaction with the focal adhesion targeting domain of focal adhesion kinase. PTPRA comprises a small extracellular domain, a transmembrane segment, and an intracellular region containing two tandem catalytic PTP domains. This model represents the second PTP domain (repeat 2).

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1207734488  78 IMQEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLE 116
Cdd:cd14623   190 VKAEGILDVFQTVKSLRLQRPHMVQTLEQYEFCYKVVQE 228

catalytic domain of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase E, repeat 2; Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase E (PTPRE), also known as receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase epsilon (R-PTP-epsilon), belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. The PTPRE gene contains two distinct promoters that generate the two major isoforms: transmembrane (receptor type RPTPe or PTPeM) and cytoplasmic (cyt-PTPe or PTPeC). Receptor type RPTPe plays a critical role in signaling transduction pathways and phosphoprotein network topology in red blood cells, and may also play a role in osteoclast formation and function. It also negatively regulates PDGFRbeta-mediated signaling pathways that are crucial for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. cyt-PTPe acts as a negative regulator of insulin receptor signaling in skeletal muscle. It regulates insulin-induced phosphorylation of proteins downstream of the insulin receptor. Receptor type RPTPe contains a small extracellular region, a single transmembrane segment, and an intracellular region two tandem catalytic PTP domains. This model represents the second PTP domain (repeat 2).

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1207734488  81 EFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIV 114
Cdd:cd14622   169 EGLLDVFQTVKSLRLQRPHMVQTLEQYEFCYRVV 202

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 21 and type 14; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 3 (PTPN3) and type 4 (PTPN4) belong to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN3 and PTPN4 are large modular proteins containing an N-terminal FERM domain, a PDZ domain and a C-terminal catalytic PTP domain. PTPN3 interacts with mitogen-activated protein kinase p38gamma and serves as its specific phosphatase. PTPN4 functions in TCR cell signaling, apoptosis, cerebellar synaptic plasticity, and innate immune responses.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1207734488  86 IMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEV 117
Cdd:cd14541   178 PLDIVRTMRDQRAMLIQTPSQYRFVCEAILRV 209

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 4; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 4 (PTPN4), also called protein-tyrosine phosphatase MEG1, belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN4 functions in TCR cell signaling, apoptosis, cerebellar synaptic plasticity, and innate immune responses. It specifically inhibits the TRIF-dependent TLR4 pathway by suppressing tyrosine phosphorylation of TRAM. It is a large modular protein containing an N-terminal FERM domain, a PDZ domain and a C-terminal catalytic PTP domain; the PDZ domain regulates the catalytic activity of PTPN4.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1207734488  87 MDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEVLRK 120
Cdd:cd14601   179 LDIVRTMRDQRAMMIQTPSQYRFVCEAILKVYEE 212

catalytic domain of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase R; Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like R (PTPRR or R-PTP-R), also called protein-tyrosine phosphatase PCPTP1, belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPRR is a kinase interaction motif (KIM)-PTP, characterized by the presence of a 16-amino-acid KIM that binds specifically to members of the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) family. The human and mouse PTPRR gene produces multiple neuronal protein isoforms of varying sizes (in human, PTPPBS-alpha, beta, gamma and delta). All isoforms contain the KIM motif and the catalytic PTP domain. PTPRR-deficient mice show significant defects in fine motor coordination and balance skills that are reminiscent of a mild ataxia.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1207734488  80 QEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCY 111
Cdd:cd14611   194 EEGVVDVLSIVCQLRVDRGGMVQTSEQYEFVH 225

PTP domain of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase K, repeat 2; Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase K (PTPRK), also known as receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa (RPTP-kappa or PTPkappa), belongs to the type IIb subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), which belong to the larger family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPRK is widely expressed and has been shown to stimulate cell motility and neurite outgrowth. It is required for anti-proliferative and pro-migratory effects of TGF-beta, suggesting a role in regulation, maintenance, and restoration of cell adhesion. It is a potential tumour suppressor in primary central nervous system lymphomas, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. It contains an extracellular region with an Meprin-A5 (neuropilin)-mu (MAM) domain, an immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, and four fibronectin type III (FN3) repeats, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular segment with a juxtamembrane domain similar to the cytoplasmic domain of classical cadherins and two tandem PTP domains. This model represents the second (repeat 2) PTP domain.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1207734488  85 NIMDI---VAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLE 116
Cdd:cd14636   172 NVVDVfhaVKTLRNSKPNMVETPEQYRFCYDVALE 206

PTP-like domain of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2; Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2 (PTPRN2 or R-PTP-N2), also called islet cell autoantigen-related protein (IAR), ICAAR, phogrin, or IA-2beta, belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). It consists of a large ectodomain that contains a RESP18HD (regulated endocrine-specific protein 18 homology domain), followed by a transmembrane segment, and a single, catalytically-impaired, PTP domain. It is mainly expressed in neuropeptidergic neurons and peptide-secreting endocrine cells, including insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. It may function as a phosphatidylinositol phosphatase to regulate insulin secretion. It is also required for normal accumulation of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the brain.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1207734488  87 MDIVA---QMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLE 116
Cdd:cd14610   246 IDIAAtleHLRDQRPGMVQTKEQFEFALTAVAE 278

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11), also called SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2 or SHP2), belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN11 promotes the activation of the RAS/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) Extracellular-Regulated Kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway, a canonical signaling cascade that plays key roles in various cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration, or metabolism. It also regulates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, a fundamental cascade that functions in cell survival, proliferation, migration, morphogenesis, and metabolism. PTPN11 dysregulation is associated with several developmental diseases and malignancies, such as Noonan syndrome and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. It contains two tandem SH2 domains, a catalytic PTP domain, and a C-terminal tail with regulatory properties.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1207734488  66 LKILEEKTAAYDImqefmfNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCY 111
Cdd:cd14605   205 IDIIREKGVDCDI------DVPKTIQMVRSQRSGMVQTEAQYRFIY 244

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6 (PTPN6), also called SH2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP1 or SHP-1), belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN6 expression is restricted mainly to hematopoietic and epithelial cells. It is an important regulator of hematopoietic cells, downregulating pathways that promote cell growth, survival, adhesion, and activation. It regulates glucose homeostasis by modulating insulin signalling in the liver and muscle, and it also negatively regulates bone resorption, affecting both the formation and the function of osteoclasts. PTPN6 contains two tandem SH2 domains, a catalytic PTP domain, and a C-terminal tail with regulatory properties.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1207734488  85 NIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLE 116
Cdd:cd14606   231 DIQKTIQMVRAQRSGMVQTEAQYKFIYVAIAQ 262

catalytic domain of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase K, repeat 1; Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase K (PTPRK), also known as receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase kappa (RPTP-kappa or PTPkappa), belongs to the type IIb subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), which belong to the larger family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPRK is widely expressed and has been shown to stimulate cell motility and neurite outgrowth. It is required for anti-proliferative and pro-migratory effects of TGF-beta, suggesting a role in regulation, maintenance, and restoration of cell adhesion. It is a potential tumour suppressor in primary central nervous system lymphomas, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. It contains an extracellular region with an Meprin-A5 (neuropilin)-mu (MAM) domain, an immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, and four fibronectin type III (FN3) repeats, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular segment with a juxtamembrane domain similar to the cytoplasmic domain of classical cadherins and two tandem PTP domains. This model represents the first (repeat 1) PTP domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1207734488  77 DIM-----QEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLE 116
Cdd:cd14631   171 DIMldmaeREGVVDIYNCVKALRSRRINMVQTEEQYIFIHDAILE 215

catalytic domain of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase G, repeat 1; Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase G (PTPRG), also called protein-tyrosine phosphatase gamma (R-PTP-gamma), belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPRG is an important tumor suppressor gene in multiple human cancers such as lung, ovarian, and breast cancers. It is widely expressed in many tissues, including the central nervous system, where it plays a role during neuroinflammation processes. It can dephosphorylate platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) and may play a role in PDGFRB-related infantile myofibromatosis. PTPRG has four splicing isoforms: three transmembrane isoforms, PTPRG-A, B, and C, and one secretory isoform, PTPRG-S, which are expressed in many tissues including the brain. PTPRG is a type 1 integral membrane protein consisting of an extracellular region with a carbonic anhydrase-like (CAH) and a fibronectin type III (FN3) domains, and an intracellular region with a catalytic PTP domain (repeat 1) proximal to the membrane, and a catalytically inactive PTP-fold domain (repeat 2) distal to the membrane. This model represents the catalytic PTP domain (repeat 1).

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1207734488  85 NIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEVL 118
Cdd:cd17667   240 NVLGFLKHIRTQRNYLVQTEEQYIFIHDALLEAI 273

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 21; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 21 (PTPN21), also called protein-tyrosine phosphatase D1, belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN21 is a component of a multivalent scaffold complex nucleated by focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at specific intracellular sites. It promotes cytoskeleton events that induce cell adhesion and migration by modulating Src-FAK signaling. It can also selectively associate with and stimulate Tec family kinases and modulate Stat3 activation. Human PTPN21 may also play a pathologic role in gastrointestinal tract tumorigenesis. PTPN21 contains an N-terminal FERM domain and a C-terminal catalytic PTP domain, separated by a long intervening sequence.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1207734488  83 MFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEVLR 119
Cdd:cd14598   184 MLDIPRVLDMLRQQRMMMVQTLSQYTFVYKVLIQFLK 220

YopH and related bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatases; Yersinia outer protein H (YopH) belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. YopH is an essential virulence determinant of the pathogenic bacterium by dephosphorylating several focal adhesion proteins including p130Cas in human epithelial cells, resulting in the disruption of focal adhesions and cell detachment from the extracellular matrix. It contains an N-terminal domain that contains signals required for TTSS-mediated delivery of YopH into host cells and a C-terminal catalytic PTP domain.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1207734488  74 AAYDIM-QEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSG-MVQTKEQY 107
Cdd:cd14559   187 AAMELNkSPNNLSVEDIVSDMRTSRNGkMVQKDEQL 222

catalytic domain of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S, repeat 1; Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S (PTPRS), also known as receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase sigma (R-PTP-sigma), belongs to the LAR (leukocyte common antigen-related) family of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatases (RPTPs), which belong to the larger family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPRS is a receptor for glycosaminoglycans, including heparan sulfate proteoglycan and neural chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which present a barrier to axon regeneration. It also plays a role in stimulating neurite outgrowth in response to the heparan sulfate proteoglycan GPC2. PTPRS contains an extracellular region with three immunoglobulin-like (Ig) domains and four to eight fibronectin type III (FN3) repeats (determined by alternative splicing), a single transmembrane domain, followed by an intracellular region with a membrane-proximal catalytic PTP domain (repeat 1, also called D1) and a membrane-distal non-catalytic PTP-like domain (repeat 2, also called D2). This model represents the catalytic PTP domain (repeat 1).

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1207734488  78 IMQEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIVLEVL 118
Cdd:cd14625   240 IKHEKTVDIYGHVTLMRSQRNYMVQTEDQYSFIHDALLEAV 280

catalytic domain of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 5; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 5 (PTPN5), also called striatum-enriched protein-tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) or neural-specific PTP, belongs to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. PTPN5/STEP is a kinase interaction motif (KIM)-PTP, characterized by the presence of a 16-amino-acid KIM that binds specifically to members of the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) family. It is a CNS-enriched protein that regulates key signaling proteins required for synaptic strengthening, as well as NMDA and AMPA receptor trafficking. PTPN5 is implicated in multiple neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and fragile X syndrome.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1207734488  80 QEFMFNIMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHFCYDIV 114
Cdd:cd14613   221 NEGVVDILRTTCQLRLDRGGMIQTCEQYQFVHHVL 255

catalytic domain of R3 subfamily receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatases and similar proteins; R3 subfamily receptor-type phosphotyrosine phosphatases (RPTP) are characterized by a unique modular composition consisting of multiple extracellular fibronectin type III (FN3) repeats and a single (most RPTP subtypes have two) cytoplasmic catalytic PTP domain. Vertebrate members include receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like O (PTPRO), J (PTPRJ), Q (PTPRQ), B (PTPRB), V (PTPRV) and H (PTPRH). They belong to the family of classical tyrosine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs (EC 3.1.3.48) catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine peptides. Most members are PTPs, except for PTPRQ, which dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositide substrates. PTPRV is characterized only in rodents; its function has been lost in humans. Both vertebrate and invertebrate R3 subfamily RPTPs are involved in the control of a variety of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle and oncogenic transformation.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....
gi 1207734488  86 IMDIVAQMREQRSGMVQTKEQYHF 109
Cdd:cd14548   196 IFGIVYDLRKHRPLMVQTEAQYIF 219