Cupredoxin superfamily; Cupredoxins contain type I copper centers and are involved in inter-molecular electron transfer reactions. Cupredoxins are blue copper proteins, having an intense blue color due to the presence of a mononuclear type 1 (T1) copper site. Structurally, the cupredoxin-like fold consists of a beta-sandwich with 7 strands in 2 beta-sheets, which is arranged in a Greek-key beta-barrel. Some of these proteins have lost the ability to bind copper. The majority of family members contain multiple cupredoxin domain repeats: ceruloplasmin and the coagulation factors V/VIII have six repeats; laccase, ascorbate oxidase, spore coat protein A, and multicopper oxidase CueO contain three repeats; and nitrite reductase has two repeats. Others are mono-domain cupredoxins, such as plastocyanin, pseudoazurin, plantacyanin, azurin, rusticyanin, stellacyanin, quinol oxidase, and the periplasmic domain of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1783658081   1 MVNLSGYRTCNA-SQGSKRWECNRQHASHSPIKFSEKFQRYSAFSLGYEFHAGQEYYYISTPTHNLHWKCLRMKVFVC 77
Cdd:cd10425    53 MVSEEGYETCSHtDKGFKRWECNRPFAPHGPIKFSEKFQRFTPFSLGFEFRPGHEYYYISKPIHNHRRSCLRLKVFVE 130

Ectodomain of Ephrin A; Ephrins and their receptors EphR play an important role in cell communication in normal physiology, as well as in disease pathogenesis. Binding of the ephrin (Eph) ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact, since both molecules are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling, depending on Eph kinase activity) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Eph signaling controls cell morphology, adhesion, migration and invasion. Ephrins can be subdivided into 2 groups, A and B, depending on their respective receptors EphA or EphB. The nine human EphA receptors bind to five GPI-linked ephrin-A ligands. Interactions are promiscuous within each class, and some Eph receptors can also bind to ephrins of the other class. All ephrin As contain a highly conserved receptor binding ectodomain described by this model. Although ephrin As do not have a cytoplasmic tail (in contrast to ephrin Bs), they are still capable of downstream activation of Src family kinases and phosphoinositide-3-kinases, most likely involving coreceptors such as neurotrophin receptors.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1783658081   1 MVNLSGYRTCNA-SQGSKRWECNRQHASHSPIKFSEKFQRYSAFSLGYEFHAGQEYYYISTPTHNLHWKCLRMKVFVC 77
Cdd:cd10425    53 MVSEEGYETCSHtDKGFKRWECNRPFAPHGPIKFSEKFQRFTPFSLGFEFRPGHEYYYISKPIHNHRRSCLRLKVFVE 130

Ectodomain of Ephrin A; Ephrins and their receptors EphR play an important role in cell communication in normal physiology, as well as in disease pathogenesis. Binding of the ephrin (Eph) ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact, since both molecules are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling, depending on Eph kinase activity) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Eph signaling controls cell morphology, adhesion, migration and invasion. Ephrins can be subdivided into 2 groups, A and B, depending on their respective receptors EphA or EphB. The nine human EphA receptors bind to five GPI-linked ephrin-A ligands. Interactions are promiscuous within each class, and some Eph receptors can also bind to ephrins of the other class. All ephrin As contain a highly conserved receptor binding ectodomain described by this model. Although ephrin As do not have a cytoplasmic tail (in contrast to ephrin Bs), they are still capable of downstream activation of Src family kinases and phosphoinositide-3-kinases, most likely involving coreceptors such as neurotrophin receptors.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1783658081   1 MVNLSGYRTCNA-SQGSKRWECNRQHASHSPIKFSEKFQRYSAFSLGYEFHAGQEYYYISTPTHNLHWKCLRMKVFVC 77
Cdd:cd10425    53 MVSEEGYETCSHtDKGFKRWECNRPFAPHGPIKFSEKFQRFTPFSLGFEFRPGHEYYYISKPIHNHRRSCLRLKVFVE 130

Ectodomain of Ephrins; Ephrins and their receptors EphR play an important role in cell communication in normal physiology, as well as in disease pathogenesis. Binding of the ephrin (Eph) ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact, since both molecules are anchored to the plasma membrane. The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling, depending on Eph kinase activity) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). Eph signaling controls cell morphology, adhesion, migration and invasion. Ephrins can be subdivided into 2 groups, A and B, depending on their respective receptors EphA or EphB. The nine human EphA receptors bind to five GPI-linked ephrin-A ligands and the five EphB receptors bind to three transmembrane ephrin-B ligands. Interactions are promiscuous within each class, and some Eph receptors can also bind to ephrins of the other class. All ephrins contain a highly conserved ectodomain for receptor binding, which is characterized by this domain hierarchy.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1783658081   1 MVNLSGYRTCNASQGSKR-WECNRQHAshsPIKFSEKFQRYSAFSLGYEFHAGQEYYYISTPT------HNLHW-----K 68
Cdd:cd02675    51 MVSKDGYDSCRLNTRSRLlLRCDRPYK---EKKFTILFQEFSPIPGGLEFQPGKDYYFISTSTgteeglDNTSGglcssH 127

                  ....*....
gi 1783658081  69 CLRMKVFVC 77
Cdd:cd02675   128 NMKLAIKVC 136