Protein DA1; Proteins in this family include protein DA1 and its homologs. In Arabidopsis thaliana, DA1 is an ubiquitin receptor that limits final seed and organ size by restricting the period of cell proliferation. It may act maternally to control seed mass.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1002256243 281 GMNMKLDQQIPMLLVERQALNEAMEGESKGPHHMPETRGLCLSEEQTVTSILRRPRIGA-NRLLDMKTQPQKLTRRCEVT 359
Cdd:pfam12315   1 GLNMKVEQEIPLLLVERQALNEAEEGEKIGHHHGPETRGLCLSEEQTVTSVLRRPRIGPgNRLVDMRTEPQRLTRRCEVT 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1002256243 360 AILVLFGLPRLLTGSILAHELMHGWLRLKGYRNLKAEIEEGICQVMSYLWLESEILPSTSRYGQAstSYASSSSSSCRPP 439
Cdd:pfam12315  81 AILVLYGLPRLLTGSILAHEMMHAWLRLNGYRNLNPEVEEGICQVLAHMWLESEIYAGSSATAAS--SSSSSSDSSSSSS 158

                         170       180       190       200       210
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1002256243 440 PSKKGGISHTEKKLGEFFLHQIANDTSSAYGDGFRAAYAAVNKYGLRQSLNHIRLT 495
Cdd:pfam12315 159 SSKKGEKSQFEKKLGEFFKHQIETDTSPVYGDGFRAANAAVNKYGLRRTLDHIRRT 214

Protein DA1; Proteins in this family include protein DA1 and its homologs. In Arabidopsis thaliana, DA1 is an ubiquitin receptor that limits final seed and organ size by restricting the period of cell proliferation. It may act maternally to control seed mass.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1002256243 281 GMNMKLDQQIPMLLVERQALNEAMEGESKGPHHMPETRGLCLSEEQTVTSILRRPRIGA-NRLLDMKTQPQKLTRRCEVT 359
Cdd:pfam12315   1 GLNMKVEQEIPLLLVERQALNEAEEGEKIGHHHGPETRGLCLSEEQTVTSVLRRPRIGPgNRLVDMRTEPQRLTRRCEVT 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1002256243 360 AILVLFGLPRLLTGSILAHELMHGWLRLKGYRNLKAEIEEGICQVMSYLWLESEILPSTSRYGQAstSYASSSSSSCRPP 439
Cdd:pfam12315  81 AILVLYGLPRLLTGSILAHEMMHAWLRLNGYRNLNPEVEEGICQVLAHMWLESEIYAGSSATAAS--SSSSSSDSSSSSS 158

                         170       180       190       200       210
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1002256243 440 PSKKGGISHTEKKLGEFFLHQIANDTSSAYGDGFRAAYAAVNKYGLRQSLNHIRLT 495
Cdd:pfam12315 159 SSKKGEKSQFEKKLGEFFKHQIETDTSPVYGDGFRAANAAVNKYGLRRTLDHIRRT 214

LIM domain; This family represents two copies of the LIM structural domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIGHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFTLLGTDPYHKLCYKELH 188
Cdd:pfam00412   1 CAGCNRPIYDRELVRALGKVWHPECFRCAVCGKPLTTGDFYEKDGKLYCKHDYYKLF 57

Protein DA1; Proteins in this family include protein DA1 and its homologs. In Arabidopsis thaliana, DA1 is an ubiquitin receptor that limits final seed and organ size by restricting the period of cell proliferation. It may act maternally to control seed mass.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1002256243 281 GMNMKLDQQIPMLLVERQALNEAMEGESKGPHHMPETRGLCLSEEQTVTSILRRPRIGA-NRLLDMKTQPQKLTRRCEVT 359
Cdd:pfam12315   1 GLNMKVEQEIPLLLVERQALNEAEEGEKIGHHHGPETRGLCLSEEQTVTSVLRRPRIGPgNRLVDMRTEPQRLTRRCEVT 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1002256243 360 AILVLFGLPRLLTGSILAHELMHGWLRLKGYRNLKAEIEEGICQVMSYLWLESEILPSTSRYGQAstSYASSSSSSCRPP 439
Cdd:pfam12315  81 AILVLYGLPRLLTGSILAHEMMHAWLRLNGYRNLNPEVEEGICQVLAHMWLESEIYAGSSATAAS--SSSSSSDSSSSSS 158

                         170       180       190       200       210
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1002256243 440 PSKKGGISHTEKKLGEFFLHQIANDTSSAYGDGFRAAYAAVNKYGLRQSLNHIRLT 495
Cdd:pfam12315 159 SSKKGEKSQFEKKLGEFFKHQIETDTSPVYGDGFRAANAAVNKYGLRRTLDHIRRT 214

LIM is a small protein-protein interaction domain, containing two zinc fingers; LIM domains are identified in a diverse group of proteins with wide variety of biological functions, including gene expression regulation, cell fate determination, cytoskeleton organization, tumor formation and development. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes. They perform their functions through interactions with other protein partners. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. The consensus sequence of LIM domain has been defined as C-x(2)-C-x(16,23)-H-x(2)-[CH]-x(2)-C-x(2)-C-x(16,21)-C-x(2,3)-[CHD] (where X denotes any amino acid).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIGHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFTLLGTDPYHKLCY 184
Cdd:cd08368     1 CAGCGKPIEGRELLRALGKKWHPECFKCAECGKPLGGDSFYEKDGKPYCEKCY 53

Zinc-binding domain present in Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3; Zinc-binding domain family. Some LIM domains bind protein partners via tyrosine-containing motifs. LIM domains are found in many key regulators of developmental pathways.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1002256243  131 VCGGCKHEIGHGH-YLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFTLLGTDPYHKLC 183
Cdd:smart00132   1 KCAGCGKPIYGTErVLRALGKVWHPECFKCATCGKPLSGDTFFEKDGKLYCKDC 54

The second LIM domain of Enigma; The second LIM domain of Enigma: Enigma was initially characterized in humans as a protein containing three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. Enigma is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIGhGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFTLLGTDPY 179
Cdd:cd09456     1 CAKCKKKIT-GEIMHALKMTWHVHCFTCAACKTPIRNRAFYMEEGAPY 47

The second LIM domain of Enigma-like family; The second LIM domain of Enigma-like family: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. Enigma was initially characterized in humans and is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone and brain. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. The second member, ENH protein, was first identified in rat brain. It has been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIgHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFTLLGTDPY 179
Cdd:cd09362     1 CARCHKKI-LGEVMHALKQTWHVSCFVCAACKQPIGNSLFHMEDGEPY 47

The first LIM domain of Enigma-like family; The first LIM domain of Enigma-like family: The Enigma LIM domain family is comprised of three members: Enigma, ENH, and Cypher (mouse)/ZASP (human). These subfamily members contain a single PDZ domain at the N-terminus and three LIM domains at the C-terminus. Enigma was initially characterized in humans and is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. The third LIM domain specifically interacts with the insulin receptor and the second LIM domain interacts with the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret and the adaptor protein APS. Thus Enigma is implicated in signal transduction processes, such as mitogenic activity, insulin related actin organization, and glucose metabolism. The second member, ENH protein, was first identified in rat brain. It has been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIgHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFTLLGTDPYHKLCY 184
Cdd:cd09361     1 CAHCNQVI-RGPFLVALGRSWHPEEFTCSHCHCSLAEIGFVEEKGSLYCELCY 52

The second LIM domain of the Enigma Homolog (ENH) family; The second LIM domain of the Enigma Homolog (ENH) family: ENH was initially identified in rat brain. Same as enigma, it contains three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. ENH is implicated in signal transduction processes involving protein kinases. It has also been shown that ENH interacts with protein kinase D1 (PKD1) via its LIM domains and forms a complex with PKD1 and the alpha1C subunit of cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The N-terminal PDZ domain interacts with alpha-actinin at the Z-line. ENH is expressed in multiple tissues, such as skeletal muscle, heart, bone, and brain. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIgHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFTLLGTDPY 179
Cdd:cd09457     1 CGRCQRKI-LGEVINALKQTWHVSCFVCVACHNPIRNNVFHLEDGEPY 47

The first LIM domain of LIMK (LIM domain Kinase ); The first LIM domain of LIMK (LIM domain Kinase ): LIMK protein family is comprised of two members LIMK1 and LIMK2. LIMK contains two LIM domains, a PDZ domain and a kinase domain. LIMK is involved in the regulation of actin polymerization and microtubule disassembly. LIMK influences architecture of the actin cytoskeleton by regulating the activity of the cofilin family proteins cofilin1, cofilin2, and destrin. The mechanism of the activation is to phosphorylates cofilin on serine 3 and inactivates its actin-severing activity, and altering the rate of actin depolymerisation. LIMKs can function in both cytoplasm and nucleus and are expressed in all tissues. Both LIMK1 and LIMK2 can act in the nucleus to suppress Rac/Cdc42-dependent cyclin D1 expression. However, LIMK1 and LIMk2 have different cellular locations. While LIMK1 localizes mainly at focal adhesions, LIMK2 is found in cytoplasmic punctae, suggesting that they may have different cellular functions. The LIM domains of LIMK have been shown to play an important role in regulating kinase activity and likely also contribute to LIMK function by acting as sites of protein-to-protein interactions. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIGHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSC 162
Cdd:cd09364     1 CAGCRGKILDSQYVQALNQDWHCDCFRCSVC 31

The first LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein; The first LIM domain of Lrg1p, a LIM and RhoGap domain containing protein: The members of this family contain three tandem repeats of LIM domains and a Rho-type GTPase activating protein (RhoGap) domain. Lrg1p is a Rho1 GTPase-activating protein required for efficient cell fusion in yeast. Lrg1p-GAP domain strongly and specifically stimulates the GTPase activity of Rho1p, a regulator of beta (1-3)-glucan synthase in vitro. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIGhGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEF 171
Cdd:cd09391     1 CAKCGKPIT-GQFVRALGDVYHLDCFTCHDCGKPVASKFF 39

The first LIM domain of Rga GTPase-Activating Proteins; The first LIM domain of Rga GTPase-Activating Proteins: The members of this family contain two tandem repeats of LIM domains and a Rho-type GTPase activating protein (RhoGap) domain. Rga activates GTPases during polarized morphogenesis. In yeast, a known regulating target of Rga is CDC42p, a small GTPase. The LIM domain is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIGHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPI-REMEFTLLGT 176
Cdd:cd09394     1 CVGCKESITEGHAYELGGDRWHIHCFKCYKCDKKLsCDSNFLVLGD 46

The second LIM domain on actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins; The second LIM domain of actin binding LIM (abLIM) proteins: Three homologous members of the abLIM protein family have been identified; abLIM-1, abLIM-2 and abLIM-3. The N-terminal of abLIM consists of four tandem repeats of LIM domains and the C-terminal of acting binding LIM protein is a villin headpiece domain, which has strong actin binding activity. The abLIM-1, which is expressed in retina, brain, and muscle tissue, has been indicated to function as a tumor suppressor. AbLIM-2 and -3, mainly expressed in muscle and neuronal tissue, bind to F-actin strongly. They may serve as a scaffold for signaling modules of the actin cytoskeleton and thereby modulate transcription. It has shown that LIM domains of abLIMs interact with STARS (striated muscle activator of Rho signaling), which directly binds actin and stimulates serum-response factor (SRF)-dependent transcription. All LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic highly conserved zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCkHEIGHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHP 165
Cdd:cd09328     4 CDSC-QDFVEGEVVSALGKTYHPKCFVCSVCRQP 36

The first LIM domain of protein LIMPETin; The first LIM domain of protein LIMPETin: LIMPETin contains 6 LIM domains at the C-terminal and an N-terminal PET domain. Four of the six LIM domains are highly homologous to the four and half LIM domain protein family and two of them show sequence similarity to the LIM domains of the Testin family. Thus, LIMPETin may be the recombinant product of genes coding testin and FHL proteins. In Schistosoma mansoni, where LIMPETin was first identified, LIMPETin is down regulated in sexually mature adult Schistosoma females compared to sexually immature adult females and adult male. Its differential expression indicates that it is a transcription regulator. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIGHGHYL-----SCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSC 162
Cdd:cd09414     1 CGGCSEPLKYGELAvtapkFGESLLWHPACFRCSTC 36

The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 3 (CRP3/MLP); The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 3 (CRP3/MLP): Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are characterized by the presence of two LIM domains linked to short glycine-rich repeats (GRRs). The CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, CRP3/MLP and TLPCRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription circuits, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network.CRP3 also called Muscle LIM Protein (MLP), which is a striated muscle-specific factor that enhances myogenic differentiation. CRP3/MLP interacts with cytoskeletal protein beta-spectrin. CRP3/MLP also interacts with the basic helix-loop-helix myogenic transcriptio n factors MyoD, myogenin, and MRF4 thereby increasing their affinity for specific DNA regulatory elements. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIGHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFTLLGTDPYHKLCY 184
Cdd:cd09481     2 CGACEKTVYHAEEIQCNGRSFHKTCFICMACRKALDSTTVAAHESEIYCKTCY 54

The first LIM domain of Lhx3b; The first LIM domain of Lhx3b. Lhx3b is a member of LHX protein family, which features two tandem N-terminal LIM domains and a C-terminal DNA binding homeodomain. Members of LHX family are found in the nucleus and act as transcription factors or cofactors. LHX proteins are critical for the development of specialized cells in multiple tissue types, including the nervous system, skeletal muscle, the heart, the kidneys, and endocrine organs, such as the pituitary gland and the pancreas. Lhx3b is one of the two isoforms of Lhx3. The Lhx3 gene is expressed in the ventral spinal cord, the pons, the medulla oblongata, and the pineal gland of the developing nervous system during mouse embryogenesis, and transcripts are found in the emergent pituitary gland. Lhx3 functions in concert with other transcription factors to specify interneuron and motor neuron fates during development. Lhx3 proteins have been demonstrated to directly bind to the promoters of several pituitary hormone gene promoters. The Lhx3 gene encodes two isoforms, LHX3a and LHX3b that differ in their amino-terminal sequences, where Lhx3a has longer N-terminal. They show differential activation of pituitary hormone genes and distinct DNA binding properties. In human, Lhx3a trans-activated the alpha-glycoprotein subunit promoter and genes containing a high-affinity Lhx3 binding site more effectively than the hLhx3b isoform. In addition, hLhx3a induce transcription of the TSHbeta-subunit gene by acting on pituitary POU domain factor, Pit-1, while hLhx3b does not. As in other LIM domains, this domain family is 50-60 amino acids in size and shares two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1002256243 131 VCGGCKHEIGHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFT 172
Cdd:cd09467     3 LCAGCNQHIVDRFILKVLDRHWHSKCLKCSDCQTQLAEKCFS 44

The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL); The second LIM domain of Four and a half LIM domains protein (FHL): LIM-only protein family consists of five members, designated FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5 and LIMPETin. The first four members are composed of four complete LIM domains arranged in tandem and an N-terminal single zinc finger domain with a consensus sequence equivalent to the C-terminal half of a LIM domain. LIMPETin is an exception, containing six LIM domains. FHL1, 2 and 3 are predominantly expressed in muscle tissues, and FHL5 is highly expressed in male germ cells. FHL proteins exert their roles as transcription co-activators or co-repressors through a wide array of interaction partners. For example, FHL1 binds to Myosin-binding protein C, regulating myosin filament formation and sarcomere assembly. FHL2 has shown to interact with more than 50 different proteins, including receptors, structural proteins, transcription factors and cofactors, signal transducers, splicing factors, DNA replication and repair enzymes, and metabolic enzymes. FHL3 int eracts with many transcription factors, such as CREB, BKLF/KLF3, CtBP2, MyoD, and MZF_1. FHL5 is a tissue-specific coactivator of CREB/CREM family transcription factors. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10
                  ....*....|....*...
gi 1002256243 149 GMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPI 166
Cdd:cd09345    19 GKFWHEKCFTCSECKKPI 36

The first LIM domain of ZASP/Cypher family; The first LIM domain of ZASP/Cypher family: ZASP was identified in human heart and skeletal muscle and Cypher is a mice ortholog of ZASP. ZASP/Cyppher contains three LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PDZ domain at N-terminus. ZASP/Cypher is required for maintenance of Z-line structure during muscle contraction, but not required for Z-line assembly. In heart, Cypher/ZASP plays a structural role through its interaction with cytoskeletal Z-line proteins. In addition, there is increasing evidence that Cypher/ZASP also performs signaling functions. Studies reveal that Cypher/ZASP interacts with and directs PKC to the Z-line, where PKC phosphorylates downstream signaling targets. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIgHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFTLLGTDPYHKLCY 184
Cdd:cd09454     1 CGHCNNII-RGPFLVALGRSWHPEEFTCHYCHTSLADVSFVEEQNNVYCENCY 52

The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 1 (CRP1); The first LIM domain of Cysteine Rich Protein 1 (CRP1): Cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) are characterized by the presence of two LIM domains linked to a short glycine-rich repeats (GRRs). The CRP family members include CRP1, CRP2, CRP3/MLP and TLP. CRP1, CRP2 and CRP3 share a conserved nuclear targeting signal (K/R-K/R-Y-G-P-K), which supports the fact that these proteins function not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. CRPs control regulatory pathways during cellular differentiation, and involve in complex transcription circuits, and the organization as well as the arrangement of the myofibrillar/cytoskeletal network. CRP1 can associate with the actin cytoskeleton and are capable of interacting with alpha-actinin and zyxin. CRP1 was shown to regulate actin filament bundling by interaction with alpha-actinin and direct binding to actin filaments. LIM domains are 50-60 amino acids in size and share two characteristic zinc finger motifs. The two zinc fingers contain eight conserved residues, mostly cysteines and histidines, which coordinately bond to two zinc atoms. LIM domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to support the assembly of multimeric protein complexes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1002256243 132 CGGCKHEIGHGHYLSCLGMYWHPQCFRCSSCRHPIREMEFTLLGTDPYHKLCY 184
Cdd:cd09479     3 CGVCQKTVYFAEEVQCEGRSFHKSCFLCMVCKKNLDSTTVAVHGEEIYCKSCY 55