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Ketorolac for Pain Management: A Review of the Clinical Evidence [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2014 Jun 30.

APPENDIX 4Main Study Findings

Tables

Table 1Main Findings from Jena et al., 20136

Treatment
Ketorolac
(n=20)		Ibuprofen
(n=20)		Etodolac +
Paracetamol
(n=20)		Aceclofenac
(n=20)		Placebo
(n=20)
Pain before local anesthesia- Heft-Parker VAS score (mm)
Mean (SD)128.00 (20.17)122.05 (17.19)125.05 (22.59)125.30 (25.57)119.05 (15.76)
Pain during endodontic treatment- Heft-Parker VAS score (mm)
Mean (SD)27.80 (47.02)46.30 (54.23)46.50 (51.10)39.85 (52.02)62.35 (55.37)
Level of pain - Heft-Parker VAS score, n(%)
No Pain
(0mm)		14(70)1(55)10(50)11(55)8(40)
Mild
(1mm to 54mm)		2(10)01(5)3(15)0
Moderate
(55mm to 85mm)		03(15)4(20)1(5)3(15)
Severe
(86mm to 170mm)		4(20)6(30)5(25)5(25)9(45)

VAS = visual analogue scale

a

Heft-Parker VAS scale ranging from 1 to 170 mm, where 0mm = no pain, 1mm to 54mm = mild pain, 54 mm to 114mm = moderate pain, and > 114mm = severe pain

Table 2Main Findings from Aggarwal et al., 20107

Treatment
Ketorolac
(n=23)		Ibuprofen
(n=22)		Placebo
(n=24)
Mild Pain (Heft-Parker VAS score < 54 mm) during endodontic treatment
n (%)9 (39)6 (27)7 (29)
Moderate Pain (Heft-Parker VAS score 54mm to 114mm) during endodontic treatment
Within dentin
n/N (%)		4/14 (29)4/16 (25)5/17 (29)
Within pulpal space
n/N (%)		3/14 (21)2/16 (13)2/17 (12)
Instrumentation of canals
n/N (%)		2/14 (14)2/16 (13)2/17 (12)
Severe Pain (Heft-Parker VAS score > 114 mm) during endodontic treatment
Within dentin
n/N (%)		3/14 (21)5/16 (31)3/17 (18)
Within pulpal space
n/N (%)		1/14 (7)3/16 (19)4/17 (24)
Instrumentation of canals
n/N (%)		1/14 (7)2/16 (13)1/17 (6)

VAS = visual analogue scale

a

Heft-Parker VAS scale ranging from 1 to 170 mm, where 0mm = no pain, 1mm to 54mm = mild pain, 54 mm to 114mm = moderate pain, and > 114mm = severe pain

Table 3Main Findings from Ortiz et al. 20108

Treatment
Ketorolac
(n=15)		Etoricoxib
(n=17)		Diclofenac
(n=17)
Pain at 24h post-treatment (VAS mm)a
Mean (SE)21.2 (4.3)20.1 (4.5)21.9 (5)
Pain at 24h post-treatment (Likert Scale)b
Mean (SE)1.13 (0.8)1.13 (0.9)1.07 (0.7)

SE = standard error; VAS = visual analogue scale

a

visual analogue scale ranged from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain)

b

1 represents slight relief, pain intermittently throughout the study; 2 represents moderate relief, pain intermittently throughout the study, and 3 represents no pain subsided with treatment

Table 4Main Findings from Kaeding et al. 20049

Treatment
Ketorolac
(n=25)		Rofecoxib
(n=25)
Pain 5 days post-operation (VAS)a
Mean (SD)3.49 (NR)3.57 (NR)
Mean change from baseline (SD)−0.24 (NR)0.13 (NR)
Overall Daily Pain (VAS)a
Mean (SD)3.76 (NR)4.09 (NR)
Adverse Events
Incision-site bleeding, n (%)7 (28)2 (8)
Nausea, n (%)4 (16)7 (28)

NR = not reported; SD = standard deviation; VAS = visual analogue scale

a

visual analogue scale ranging from 1 representing great pain to 5 representing no pain

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