U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

National Guideline Alliance (UK). Cerebral palsy in under 25s: assessment and management. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2017 Jan. (NICE Guideline, No. 62.)

Cover of Cerebral palsy in under 25s: assessment and management

Cerebral palsy in under 25s: assessment and management.

Show details

30References

  1. Adams 2012

    Adams, M.S., Khan, N.Z., Begum, S.A., Wirz, S.L., Hesketh, T., Pring, T.R., Feeding difficulties in children with cerebral palsy: low-cost caregiver training in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Child: Care, Health and Development, 38, 878–888, 2012 [PubMed: 22082112]
  2. Adde 2007

    Adde, L., Rygg, M., Lossius, K., Oberg, G.K., Stoen, R., General movement assessment: predicting cerebral palsy in clinical practise, Early Human Development, 83, 13–18, 2007 [PubMed: 16650949]
  3. Adiga 2014

    Adiga, D., Gupta, A., Khanna, M., Taly, A. B., Thennarasu, K., Sleep disorders in children with cerebral palsy and its correlation with sleep disturbance in primary caregivers and other associated factors, Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 17, 473–6, 2014 [PMC free article: PMC4251031] [PubMed: 25506179]
  4. Ahlin 2013

    Ahlin, K., Himmelmann, K., Hagberg, G., Kacerovsky, M., Cobo, T., Wennerholm, U.B., Jacobsson, B., Non-infectious risk factors for different types of cerebral palsy in term-born babies: a population-based, case-control study, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 120, 724–731, 2013 [PubMed: 23418811]
  5. Allen & Alexander 1992

    Allen, M.C., Alexander, G.R., Using gross motor milestones to identify very preterm infants at risk for cerebral palsy, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 34, 226–232, 1992 [PubMed: 1559602]
  6. Allen & Alexander 1994

    Allen, M.C., Alexander, G.R., Screening for cerebral palsy in preterm infants: delay criteria for motor milestone attainment, Journal of Perinatology, 14, 190–193, 1994 [PubMed: 8064421]
  7. Alrefai 2009

    Alrefai, A.H., Aburahma, S.K., Khader, Y.S., Treatment of sialorrhea in children with Cerebral Palsy: A double-blind placebo controlled trial, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 111, 79–82, 2009 [PubMed: 18977585]
  8. Alriksson-Schmidt & Hagglund 2016

    Alriksson-Schmidt, A., Hagglund, G., Pain in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a population-based registry study, Acta Paediatrica, 105, 665–70, 2016 [PMC free article: PMC5071732] [PubMed: 26880375]
  9. Alshaikh 2013

    Alshaikh, B., Yusuf, K., Sauve, R., Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight infants with neonatal sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Perinatology, 33, 558–64, 2013 [PubMed: 23328927]
  10. Alshaikh 2014

    Alshaikh, B., Yee, W., Lodha, A., Henderson, E., Yusuf, K., Sauve, R., Coagulase-negative staphylococcus sepsis in preterm infants and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome, Journal of Perinatology, 34, 125–9, 2014 [PubMed: 24355942]
  11. Appleton 2012

    Appleton, R.E., Jones, A.P., Gamble, C., Williamson, P.R., Wiggs, L., Montgomery, P., Sutcliffe, A., Barker, C., Gringras, P., The use of melatonin in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and impaired sleep: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study (mends), Health Technology Assessment, 16, 1–239, 2012 [PubMed: 23098680]
  12. Arrowsmith 2010

    Arrowsmith, F., Allen, J., Gaskin, K., Somerville, H., Clarke, S., O’Loughlin, E., The effect of gastrostomy tube feeding on body protein and bone mineralization in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 52, 1043–1047, 2010 [PubMed: 20497453]
  13. Baghbadorani 2014

    Baghbadorani, M. K., Soleymani, Z., Dadgar, H., Salehi, M., The effect of oral sensorimotor stimulations on feeding performance in children with spastic cerebral palsy, Acta Medica Iranica, 52, 899–904, 2014 [PubMed: 25530052]
  14. Barnfather 2011

    Barnfather, A., Stewart, M., Magill-Evans, J., Ray, L., Letourneau, N., Computer-mediated support for adolescents with cerebral palsy or spina bifida, CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 29, 24–33, 2011 [PubMed: 21099541]
  15. Basciani 2011

    Basciani, M., Di, Rienzo, F., Fontana, A., Copetti, M., Pellegrini, F., Intiso, D., Botulinum toxin type B for sialorrhoea in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized trial comparing three doses, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 53, 559–564, 2011 [PubMed: 21413974]
  16. Bax 2006

    Bax, M., Tydeman, C., Flodmark, O., Clinical and MRI correlates of cerebral palsy: the European Cerebral Palsy Study, JAMA, 296, 1602–1608, 2006 [PubMed: 17018805]
  17. Beaino 2010

    Beaino, G., Khoshnood, B., Kaminski, M., Pierrat, V., Marret, S., Matis, J., Ledesert, B., Thiriez, G., Fresson, J., Roze, J. C., Zupan-Simunek, V., Arnaud, C., Burguet, A., Larroque, B., Breart, G., Ancel, P. Y., Epipage Study Group, Predictors of cerebral palsy in very preterm infants: the EPIPAGE prospective population-based cohort study, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 52, e119–25, 2010 [PubMed: 20163431]
  18. Bear & Wu 2016

    Bear, J. J., Wu, Y. W., Maternal infections during pregnancy and cerebral palsy in the child, Pediatric Neurology, 57, 74–79, 2016 [PMC free article: PMC4801683] [PubMed: 26857522]
  19. Beckung 2008

    Beckung, E., Hagberg, G., Uldall, P., Cans, C., Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in, Europe, Probability of walking in children with cerebral palsy in Europe, Pediatrics, 121, e187–92, 2008 [PubMed: 18070932]
  20. Beckung 2008a

    Beckung, E., White-Koning, M., Marcelli, M., McManus, V., Michelsen, S., Parkes, J., Parkinson, K., Thyen, U., Arnaud, C., Fauconnier, J., Colver, A., Health status of children with cerebral palsy living in Europe: a multi-centre study, Child: Care, Health and Development, 34, 806–814, 2008 [PubMed: 18959578]
  21. Beer 2014

    Beer, S., Hartlieb, T., Muller, A., Granel, M., Staudt, M., Aspiration in children and adolescents with neurogenic dysphagia: comparison of clinical judgment and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, Neuropediatrics, 45, 402–5, 2014 [PubMed: 25343329]
  22. Bjorgaas 2013

    Bjorgaas, H.M., Elgen, I., Boe, T., Hysing, M., Mental health in children with cerebral palsy: does screening capture the complexity?, Thescientificworldjournal, 2013, 468402-, 2013 [PMC free article: PMC3654290] [PubMed: 23690745]
  23. Blair & Stanley 1990

    Blair, E., Stanley, F., Intrauterine growth and spastic cerebral palsy. I. Association with birth weight for gestational age, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 162, 229–237, 1990 [PubMed: 2301497]
  24. Blair 2001

    Blair, E., Watson, L., Badawi, N., Stanley, F.J., Life expectancy among people with cerebral palsy in Western Australia, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 43, 508–515, 2001 [PubMed: 11508916]
  25. Bonellie 2005

    Bonellie, S.R., Currie, D., Chalmers, J., Comparison of risk factors for cerebral palsy in twins and singletons, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47, 587–591, 2005 [PubMed: 16138664]
  26. Bouwstra 2010

    Bouwstra, H., Dijk-Stigter, G. R., Grooten, H. M. J., Janssen-Plas, F. E. M., Koopmans, A. J., Mulder, C. D., van Belle, A., Hadders-Algra, M., Predictive value of definitely abnormal general movements in the general population, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 52, 456–461, 2010 [PubMed: 20002118]
  27. Breau 2002

    Breau, L. M., Finley, G. A., McGrath, P. J., Camfield, C. S., Validation of the Noncommunicating Children’s Pain Checklist-Postoperative Version.[Erratum appears in Anesthesiology 2002 Sep;97(3):769], Anesthesiology, 96, 528–35, 2002 [PubMed: 11873023]
  28. Brogna 2013

    Brogna, C., Romeo, D. M., Cervesi, C., Scrofani, L., Romeo, M. G., Mercuri, E., Guzzetta, A., Prognostic value of the qualitative assessments of general movements in late-preterm infants, Early Human Development, 89, 1063–6, 2013 [PubMed: 24001477]
  29. Bruggink 2008

    Bruggink, J.L., Einspieler, C., Butcher, P.R., Van Braeckel, K.N., Prechtl, H.F., Bos, A.F., The quality of the early motor repertoire in preterm infants predicts minor neurologic dysfunction at school age, Journal of Pediatrics, 153, 32–39, 2008 [PubMed: 18571531]
  30. Bruggink 2009

    Bruggink, J. L., Einspieler, C., Butcher, P. R., Stremmelaar, E. F., Prechtl, H. F., Bos, A. F., Quantitative aspects of the early motor repertoire in preterm infants: do they predict minor neurological dysfunction at school age?, Early Human Development, 85, 25–36, 2009 [PubMed: 18691834]
  31. Bumin & Kayihan 2001

    Bumin, G., Kayihan, H., Effectiveness of 2 different sensory-integration programmes for children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy, Disability and Rehabilitation, 23, 394–399, 2001 [PubMed: 11394590]
  32. Burger 2011

    Burger, M., Frieg, A., Louw, Q. A., General movements as a predictive tool of the neurological outcome in very low and extremely low birth weight infants - A South African perspective, Early Human Development, 87, 303–308, 2011 [PubMed: 21334148]
  33. Cahill 2011

    Cahill, A.G., Odibo, A.O., Stout, M.J., Grobman, W.A., Macones, G.A., Caughey, A.B., Magnesium sulfate therapy for the prevention of cerebral palsy in preterm infants: a decision-analytic and economic analysis, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 205, 542–547, 2011 [PubMed: 22000669]
  34. Campbell & Stremel-Campbell 1982

    Campbell, C. R., Stremel-Campbell, K., Programming “loose training” as a strategy to facilitate language generalization, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 295–301, 1982 [PMC free article: PMC1308271] [PubMed: 7118759]
  35. Camp-Bruno 1989

    Camp-Bruno, J.A., Winsberg, B.G., Green-Parsons, A.R., Abrams, J.P., Efficacy of benztropine therapy for drooling, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 31, 309–319, 1989 [PubMed: 2666205]
  36. Cans 2004

    Cans, C., McManus, V., Crowley, M., Guillem, P., Platt, M. J., Johnson, A., Arnaud, C., Cerebral palsy of post-neonatal origin: Characteristics and risk factors, Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 18, 214–220, 2004 [PubMed: 15130161]
  37. Capjon & Bjork 2010

    Capjon, H., Bjork, I.T., Rehabilitation after multilevel surgery in ambulant spastic children with cerebral palsy: children and parent experiences, Developmental neurorehabilitation, 13, 182–191, 2010 [PubMed: 20450468]
  38. Carroll & Downs 2006

    Carroll, A. E., Downs, S. M., Comprehensive cost-utility analysis of newborn screening strategies, Pediatrics, 117, S287–95, 2006 [PubMed: 16735255]
  39. Carroll 2015

    Carroll, E. M., Health Care Transition Experiences of Young Adults With Cerebral Palsy, Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 30, e157–64, 2015 [PubMed: 26142160]
  40. Caulton 2004

    Caulton, J. M., Ward, K. A., Alsop, C. W., Dunn, G., Adams, J. E., Mughal, M. Z., A randomised controlled trial of standing programme on bone mineral density in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 89, 131–5, 2004 [PMC free article: PMC1719782] [PubMed: 14736627]
  41. Chad 1999

    Chad, K.E., Bailey, D.A., McKay, H.A., Zello, G.A., Snyder, R.E., The effect of a weight-bearing physical activity program on bone mineral content and estimated volumetric density in children with spastic cerebral palsy, Journal of Pediatrics, 135, 115–117, 1999 [PubMed: 10393617]
  42. Chang 2012

    Chang, S.C., Lin, C.K., Tung, L.C., Chang, N.Y., The association of drooling and health-related quality of life in children with cerebral palsy, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 8, 599–604, 2012 [PMC free article: PMC3523561] [PubMed: 23251093]
  43. Chaudhari 2010

    Chaudhari, S., Bhalerao, M., Chitale, A., Patil, B., Pandit, A., Hoge, M., Transient tone abnormalities in high risk infants and cognitive outcome at five years, Indian Pediatrics, 47, 931–935, 2010 [PubMed: 20308766]
  44. Chen 2011

    Chen, C. L., Ke, J. Y., Wang, C. J., Wu, K. P., Wu, C. Y., Wong, A. M., Factors associated with bone density in different skeletal regions in children with cerebral palsy of various motor severities, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 53, 131–6, 2011 [PubMed: 21039441]
  45. Chen 2013a

    Chen, C. M., Hsu, H. C., Chen, C. L., Chung, C. Y., Chen, K. H., Liaw, M. Y., Predictors for changes in various developmental outcomes of children with cerebral palsy-A longitudinal study, Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 3867–3874, 2013 [PubMed: 24025438]
  46. Chen 2013b

    Chen, C. L., Chen, C. Y., Liaw, M. Y., Chung, C. Y., Wang, C. J., Hong, W. H., Efficacy of home-based virtual cycling training on bone mineral density in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy, Osteoporosis International, 24, 1399–406, 2013 [PubMed: 23052930]
  47. Clawson 2007

    Clawson, E.P., Kuchinski, K.S., Bach, R., Use of behavioral interventions and parent education to address feeding difficulties in young children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy, Neurorehabilitation, 22, 397–406, 2007 [PubMed: 18162702]
  48. Coppola 2004

    Coppola, G., Iervolino, G., Mastrosimone, M., La Torre, G., Ruiu, F., Pascotto, A., Melatonin in wake-sleep disorders in children, adolescents and young adults with mental retardation with or without epilepsy: a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial, Brain & Development, 26, 373–6, 2004 [PubMed: 15275698]
  49. Coppola 2012

    Coppola, G., Fortunato, D., Mainolfi, C., Porcaro, F., Roccaro, D., Signoriello, G., Operto, F.F., Verrotti, A., Bone mineral density in a population of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy and mental retardation with or without epilepsy, Epilepsia, 53, 2172–2177, 2012 [PubMed: 22958083]
  50. Corry 2008

    Corry, J., Poon, W., McPhee, N., Milner, A. D., Cruickshank, D., Porceddu, S. V., Rischin, D., Peters, L. J., Randomized study of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tubes for enteral feeding in head and neck cancer patients treated with (chemo)radiation, Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, 52, 503–510, 2008 [PubMed: 19032398]
  51. Curtis & Burns 2015

    Curtis, L., Burns, A. Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2015. Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent. UK, 2015.
  52. Dada & Alant 2009

    Dada, S., Alant, E., The effect of aided language stimulation on vocabulary acquisition in children with little or no functional speech, American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 18(1): 50–64, 2009 [PubMed: 19106207]
  53. Dammann 2001

    Dammann, O., Dammann, C.E., Allred, E.N., Veelken, N., Fetal growth restriction is not associated with a reduced risk for bilateral spastic cerebral palsy in very-low-birthweight infants, Early Human Development, 64, 79–89, 2001 [PubMed: 11440821]
  54. Darrah 2002

    Darrah, J., Magil-Evans, J., Adkins, R., How well are we doing? Families of adolescents or young adults with cerebral palsy share their perceptions of service delivery, Disability and Rehabilitation, 24, 542–549, 2002 [PubMed: 12171644]
  55. Davis 1998

    Davis, C.A., Reichle, J., Southard, K., Johnston, S., Teaching children with severe disabilities to utilize nonobligatory conversational opportunities: An application of high-probability requests, Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 23, 57–68, 1998
  56. Delacy 2016

    Delacy, M. J., Reid, S. M., Australian cerebral palsy register, group, Profile of associated impairments at age 5 years in Australia by cerebral palsy subtype and Gross Motor Function Classification System level for birth years 1996 to 2005, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 58 Suppl 2, 50–6, 2016 [PubMed: 26777873]
  57. DeMatteo 2005

    DeMatteo, C., Matovich, D., Hjartarson, A., Comparison of clinical and videofluoroscopic evaluation of children with feeding and swallowing difficulties, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47, 149–157, 2005 [PubMed: 15739718]
  58. DH 2015

    Department of Health. NHS Reference Costs Collections Guidance for 2014-15. UK, 2015.
  59. de Vries 1993

    de Vries, L. S., Eken, P., Groenendaal, F., van Haastert, I. C., Meiners, L. C., Correlation between the degree of periventricular leukomalacia diagnosed using cranial ultrasound and MRI later in infancy in children with cerebral palsy, Neuropediatrics, 24, 263–8, 1993 [PubMed: 8309515]
  60. DiFazio 2014

    DiFazio, R. L., Harris, M., Vessey, J. A., Glader, L., Shanske, S., Opportunities lost and found: experiences of patients with cerebral palsy and their parents transitioning from pediatric to adult healthcare, Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 7, 17–31, 2014 [PubMed: 24919935]
  61. Dodge & Wilson 2001

    Dodge, N. N., Wilson, G. A., Melatonin for treatment of sleep disorders in children with developmental disabilities, Journal of Child Neurology, 16, 581–4, 2001 [PubMed: 11510929]
  62. Doralp & Bartlett 2010

    Doralp, S., Bartlett, D.J., The prevalence, distribution, and effect of pain among adolescents with cerebral palsy, Pediatric Physical Therapy, 22, 26–33, 2010 [PubMed: 20142702]
  63. Dufresne 2014

    Dufresne, D., Dagenais, L., Shevell, M., Spectrum of visual disorders in a population based cerebral palsy cohort, Pediatric Neurology, 50 324–328, 2014 [PubMed: 24468636]
  64. Elsayed 2013

    Elsayed, R. M., Hasanein, B. M., Sayyah, H. E., El-Auoty, M. M., Tharwat, N., Belal, T. M., Sleep assessment of children with cerebral palsy: Using validated sleep questionnaire, Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 16, 62–5, 2013 [PMC free article: PMC3644784] [PubMed: 23661965]
  65. Esen 2011

    Esen, I., Demirel, F., Guven, A., Degerliyurt, A., Kose, G., Assessment of bone density in children with cerebral palsy by areal bone mineral density measurement, Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 53, 638–44, 2011 [PubMed: 22389986]
  66. Fairhurst & Cockerill 2011

    Fairhurst, C. B. R., Cockerill, H., Management of drooling in children, Archives of Disease in Childhood Education & Practice, 96, 25–30, 2011 [PubMed: 20675519]
  67. Ferrari 2002

    Ferrari, F., Cioni, G., Einspieler, C., Roversi, M. F., Bos, A. F., Paolicelli, P. B., Ranzi, A., Prechtl, H. F. R., Cramped synchronized general movements in preterm infants as an early marker for cerebral palsy, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 156, 460–467, 2002 [PubMed: 11980551]
  68. Finbraten 2015

    Finbraten, A. K., Syversen, U., Skranes, J., Andersen, G. L., Stevenson, R. D., Vik, T., Bone mineral density and vitamin D status in ambulatory and non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy, Osteoporosis International, 26, 141–50, 2015 [PubMed: 25119201]
  69. Fung 2002

    Fung, E.B., Samson-Fang, L., Stallings, V.A., Conaway, M., Liptak, G., Henderson, R.C., Worley, G., O’donnell, M., Calvert, R., Rosenbaum, P., Chumlea, W., Stevenson, R.D., Feeding dysfunction is associated with poor growth and health status in children with cerebral palsy, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, 361–373, 2002 [PubMed: 11902369]
  70. Garne 2008

    Garne, E., Dolk, H., Krageloh-Mann, I., Holst Ravn, S., Cans, C., Cerebral palsy and congenital malformations, European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 12, 82–88, 2008 [PubMed: 17881257]
  71. Gisel 2001

    Gisel, E.G., Haberfellner, H., Schwartz, S., Impact of oral appliance therapy: are oral skills and growth maintained one year after termination of therapy?, Dysphagia, 16, 296–307, 2001 [PubMed: 11720405]
  72. Gisel 1996

    Gisel, E.G., Effect of oral sensorimotor treatment on measures of growth and efficiency of eating in the moderately eating-impaired child with cerebral palsy, Dysphagia, 11, 48–58, 1996 [PubMed: 8556879]
  73. Gisel 1995

    Gisel, E. G., Applegate-Ferrante, T., Benson, J. E., Bosma, J. F., Effect of oral sensorimotor treatment on measures of growth, eating efficiency and aspiration in the dysphagic child with cerebral palsy, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 37, 528–43, 1995 [PubMed: 7789662]
  74. Gomes 2015

    Gomes, C. A., Jr., Andriolo, R. B., Bennett, C., Lustosa, S. A., Matos, D., Waisberg, D. R., Waisberg, J., Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD008096, 2015 [PMC free article: PMC6464742] [PubMed: 25997528]
  75. Groen 2005

    Groen, S. E., de Blecourt, A. C. E., Postema, K., Hadders-Algra, M., General movements in early infancy predict neuromotor development at 9 to 12 years of age, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47, 731–738, 2005 [PubMed: 16225735]
  76. Han 2002

    Han, T.R., Bang, M.S., Lim, J.Y., Yoon, B.H., Kim, I.W., Risk factors of cerebral palsy in preterm infants, American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 81, 297–303, 2002 [PubMed: 11953548]
  77. Hanna 2008

    Hanna, S.E., Bartlett, D.J., Rivard, L.M., Russell, D.J., Reference curves for the Gross Motor Function Measure: percentiles for clinical description and tracking over time among children with cerebral palsy, Physical Therapy, 88, 596–607, 2008 [PMC free article: PMC2390723] [PubMed: 18339799]
  78. Heineman 2011

    Heineman, K.R., Bos, A.F., Hadders-Algra, M., Infant Motor Profile and cerebral palsy: promising associations, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 53 Suppl 4, 40–45, 2011 [PubMed: 21950393]
  79. Heintz 2008

    Heintz, E., Brodtkorb, T.H., Nelson, N., Levin, L.A., The long-term cost-effectiveness of fetal monitoring during labour: a comparison of cardiotocography complemented with ST analysis versus cardiotocography alone, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 115, 1676–1687, 2008 [PMC free article: PMC2659360] [PubMed: 19035942]
  80. Henderson 1995

    Henderson, R.C., Lin, P.P., Greene, W.B., Bone-mineral density in children and adolescents who have spastic cerebral palsy, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series A, 77, 1671–1681, 1995 [PubMed: 7593076]
  81. Henderson 2002a

    Henderson, R. C., Lark, R. K., Kecskemethy, H. H., Miller, F., Harcke, H. T., Bachrach, S. J., Bisphosphonates to treat osteopenia in children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, Journal of Pediatrics, 141, 644–51, 2002 [PubMed: 12410192]
  82. Henderson 2002b

    Henderson, R. C., Lark, R. K., Newman, J. E., Kecskemthy, H., Fung, E. B., Renner, J. B., Harcke, H. T., Pediatric reference data for dual X-ray absorptiometric measures of normal bone density in the distal femur, AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology, 178, 439–43, 2002 [PubMed: 11804914]
  83. Henderson 2004

    Henderson, R.C., Kairalla, J., Abbas, A., Stevenson, R.D., Predicting low bone density in children and young adults with quadriplegic cerebral palsy, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 46, 416–419, 2004 [PubMed: 15174534]
  84. Henderson 2010

    Henderson, R. C., Berglund, L. M., May, R., Zemel, B. S., Grossberg, R. I., Johnson, J., Plotkin, H., Stevenson, R. D., Szalay, E., Wong, B., Kecskemethy, H. H., Harcke, H. T., The relationship between fractures and DXA measures of BMD in the distal femur of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy, Journal of Bone & Mineral Research, 25, 520–6, 2010 [PMC free article: PMC3153393] [PubMed: 19821773]
  85. Himmelmann 2009

    Himmelmann, K., McManus, V., Hagberg, G., Uvebrant, P., Krageloh-Mann, I., Cans, C., Scpe collaboration, Dyskinetic cerebral palsy in Europe: trends in prevalence and severity, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 94, 921–6, 2009 [PubMed: 19465585]
  86. Himpens 2010

    Himpens, E., Oostra, A., Franki, I., Vansteelandt, S., Vanhaesebrouck, P., den Broeck, C.V., Predictability of cerebral palsy in a high-risk NICU population, Early Human Development, 86, 413–417, 2010 [PubMed: 20542648]
  87. Hochstein 2003

    Hochstein, D.D., McDaniel, M.A., Nettleton, S., Neufeld, K.H., The fruitfulness of a nomothetic approach to investigating AAC: comparing 2 speech encoding schemes across cerebral palsied and nondisabled children, American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12, 110–120, 2003 [PubMed: 12680818]
  88. Houlihan 2008

    Houlihan, C. M., Hanson, A., Quinlan, N., Puryear, C., Stevenson, R. D., Intensity, perception, and descriptive characteristics of chronic pain in children with cerebral palsy, Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 1, 145–53, 2008 [PubMed: 21791758]
  89. Hunt 1986

    Hunt, P., Goetz, L., Alwell, M., Sailor, W., Using an interrupted behavior chain strategy to teach generalized communication responses, Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 11, 196–204, 1986
  90. Hunt 2004

    Hunt, A., Goldman, A., Seers, K., Crichton, N., Mastroyannopoulou, K., Moffat, V., Oulton, K., Brady, M., Clinical validation of the paediatric pain profile, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 46, 9–18, 2004 [PubMed: 14974642]
  91. Hurlbut 1982

    Hurlbut, B.I., Iwata, B.A., Green, J.D., Nonvocal language acquisition in adolescents with severe physical disabilities: Bliss symbol versus iconic stimulus formats, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 241–258, 1982 [PMC free article: PMC1308268] [PubMed: 6181049]
  92. Ipek 2007

    Ipek, B., Ecevit, C., Ipek, I., Kocabas, O., Kavakli, T., Ozturk, A., The evaluation of 371 cases with cerebral palsy between January 1984 and December 2004, Journal of Neurological Sciences, 24, 270–279, 2007
  93. Iwasaki 2008

    Iwasaki, T., Takei, K., Nakamura, S., Hosoda, N., Yokota, Y., Ishii, M., Secondary osteoporosis in long-term bedridden patients with cerebral palsy, Pediatrics International, 50, 269–75, 2008 [PubMed: 18533934]
  94. James 2015

    James, S., Ziviani, J., Ware, R. S., Boyd, R. N., Randomized controlled trial of web-based multimodal therapy for unilateral cerebral palsy to improve occupational performance, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 57, 530–8, 2015 [PubMed: 25955443]
  95. Jarvis 2003

    Jarvis, S., Glinianaia, S. V., Torrioli, M. G., Platt, M. J., Miceli, M., Jouk, P. S., Johnson, A., Hutton, J., Hemming, K., Hagberg, G., Dolk, H., Chalmers, J., Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe collaboration of European Cerebral Palsy, Registers, Cerebral palsy and intrauterine growth in single births: European collaborative study, Lancet, 362, 1106–11, 2003 [PubMed: 14550698]
  96. Jekovec-Vrhovsek 2000

    Jekovec-Vrhovsek, M., Kocijancic, A., Prezelj, J., Effect of vitamin D and calcium on bone mineral density in children with CP and epilepsy in full-time care, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 403–5, 2000 [PubMed: 10875526]
  97. Jerosch-Herold 2005

    Jerosch-Herold, C., An evidence-based approach to choosing outcome measures: A checklist for the critical appraisal of validity, reliability and responsiveness studies, British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68, 347–353, 2005
  98. Johnson 1990

    Johnson, A., Goddard, O., Ashurst, H., Is late walking a marker of morbidity? Steering Committee, Oxford Region Child Development Project, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 65, 486–488, 1990 [PMC free article: PMC1792162] [PubMed: 1694070]
  99. Kilpinen-Loisa 2010

    Kilpinen-Loisa, P., Paasio, T., Soiva, M., Ritanen, U. M., Lautala, P., Palmu, P., Pihko, H., Makitie, O., Low bone mass in patients with motor disability: Prevalence and risk factors in 59 Finnish children, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 52, 276–282, 2010 [PubMed: 19709135]
  100. Knis-Matthews 2011

    Knis-Matthews, L., Falzarano, M., Baum, D., Manganiello, J., Patel, S., Winters, L., Parents’ experiences with services and treatment for their children diagnosed with cerebral palsy, Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 31, 263–74, 2011 [PubMed: 21521003]
  101. Kong & Wong 2005

    Kong, C.K., Wong, H.S., Weight-for-height values and limb anthropometric composition of tube-fed children with quadriplegic cerebral palsy, Pediatrics, 116, e839–e845, 2005 [PubMed: 16322142]
  102. Kruijsen-Terpstra 2016

    Kruijsen-Terpstra, A. J. A., Verschuren, O., Ketelaar, M., Riedijk, L., Gorter, J. W., Jongmans, M. J., Boeije, H., Verhoef, M., Titulaer, A. F., Meinsma-van der Tuin, M., van de Laar-Bakker, Y. M., van Munster, J. C., Geerts, M. J. P. M., Voorman, J. M., van Vulpen, L., Luijten-Ansems, C. A., Gorter, H., Janssen-Potten, Y. J. M., van den Heuvel, H. A. J. M., van der Hoek, F. D., Parents’ experiences and needs regarding physical and occupational therapy for their young children with cerebral palsy, Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53-54, 314–322, 2016 [PubMed: 26970858]
  103. Kuo 2016

    Kuo, H. C., Gordon, A. M., Henrionnet, A., Hautfenne, S., Friel, K. M., Bleyenheuft, Y., The effects of intensive bimanual training with and without tactile training on tactile function in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: A pilot study, Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49, 129–39, 2016 [PMC free article: PMC4871715] [PubMed: 26698408]
  104. Laptook 2005

    Laptook, A. R., O’Shea, T. M., Shankaran, S., Bhaskar, B., Nichd Neonatal Network, Adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely low birth weight infants with a normal head ultrasound: prevalence and antecedents, Pediatrics, 115, 673–80, 2005 [PubMed: 15741371]
  105. Lariviere-Bastien 2013

    Lariviere-Bastien, D., Bell, E., Majnemer, A., Shevell, M., Racine, E., Perspectives of young adults with cerebral palsy on transitioning from pediatric to adult healthcare systems, Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 20, 154–9, 2013 [PubMed: 23948690]
  106. Law 2011

    Law, M.C., Darrah, J., Pollock, N., Wilson, B., Russell, D.J., Walter, S.D., Rosenbaum, P., Galuppi, B., Focus on function: a cluster, randomized controlled trial comparing child- versus context-focused intervention for young children with cerebral palsy, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 53, 621–629, 2011 [PMC free article: PMC3110988] [PubMed: 21569012]
  107. Lawlor 2006

    Lawlor, K., Mihaylov, S., Welsh, B., Jarvis, S., Colver, A., A qualitative study of the physical, social and attitudinal environments influencing the participation of children with cerebral palsy in northeast England, Pediatric Rehabilitation, 9, 219–28, 2006 [PubMed: 17050400]
  108. Lin 2008

    Lin, Y.C., Shieh, J.Y., Cheng, M.L., Yang, P.Y., Botulinum toxin type A for control of drooling in Asian patients with cerebral palsy, Neurology, 70, 316–318, 2008 [PubMed: 18209205]
  109. Livinec 2005

    Livinec, F., Ancel, P. Y., Marret, S., Arnaud, C., Fresson, J., Pierrat, V., Roze, J. C., Escande, B., Thiriez, G., Larroque, B., Kaminski, M., Epipage, Group, Prenatal risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm singletons and twins, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 105, 1341–7, 2005 [PubMed: 15932827]
  110. Lloyd 2014

    Lloyd, C., Logan, S., McHugh, C., Humphreys, G., Parker, S., Beswick, D., Beswick, M., Rogers, M., Thompson Coon, J., Morris, C., Wyatt, K., Sleep positioning for children with cerebral palsy, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014
  111. Looker 2012

    Looker, A. C., Borrud, L. G., Hughes, J. P., Fan, B., Shepherd, J. A., Melton, L. J., 3rd, Lumbar spine and proximal femur bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and bone area: United States, 2005-2008, Vital & Health Statistics - Series 11: Data From the National Health Survey, 1–132, 2012 [PubMed: 24261130]
  112. Malviya 2006

    Malviya, S., Voepel-Lewis, T., Burke, C., Merkel, S., Tait, A. R., The revised FLACC observational pain tool: improved reliability and validity for pain assessment in children with cognitive impairment, Paediatric Anaesthesia, 16, 258–65, 2006 [PubMed: 16490089]
  113. McConachie & Pennington 1997

    McConachie, H., Pennington, L., In-service training for schools on augmentative and alternative communication, European Journal of Disorders of Communication, 32, 277–288, 1997 [PubMed: 9474293]
  114. McCullough & Parkes 2008

    McCullough, N., Parkes, J., Use of the child health questionnaire in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and evaluation of the psychometric properties, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33, 80–90, 2008 [PubMed: 17728302]
  115. McCullough 2009

    McCullough, N., Parkes, J., White-Koning, M., Beckung, E., Colver, A., Reliability and validity of the Child Health Questionnaire PF-50 for European children with cerebral palsy, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 41–50, 2009 [PubMed: 18499739]
  116. McIntyre 2013

    McIntyre, S., Blair, E., Badawi, N., Keogh, J., Nelson, K. B., Antecedents of cerebral palsy and perinatal death in term and late preterm singletons, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 122, 869–77, 2013 [PubMed: 24084547]
  117. McManus 2006

    McManus, V., Michelsen, S.I., Parkinson, K., Colver, A., Beckung, E., Pez, O., Caravale, B., Discussion groups with parents of children with cerebral palsy in Europe designed to assist development of a relevant measure of environment.[Erratum appears in Child Care Health Dev. 2006 May;32(3):393], Child: Care, Health and Development, 32, 185–192, 2006 [PubMed: 16441853]
  118. Michelsen 2014

    Michelsen, S. I., Flachs, E. M., Damsgaard, M. T., Parkes, J., Parkinson, K., Rapp, M., Arnaud, C., Nystrand, M., Colver, A., Fauconnier, J., Dickinson, H. O., Marcelli, M., Uldall, P., European study of frequency of participation of adolescents with and without cerebral palsy, European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 18, 282–94, 2014 [PMC free article: PMC4096654] [PubMed: 24412031]
  119. Mier 2000

    Mier, R.J., Bachrach, S.J., Lakin, R.C., Barker, T., Childs, J., Moran, M., Treatment of sialorrhea with glycopyrrolate: A double-blind, dose-ranging study, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 154, 1214–1218, 2000 [PubMed: 11115305]
  120. Miller 2003

    Miller, J., Colligan, J., Colver, A., A qualitative study, using focused interviews, of the information needs of families whose children’s names are on a cerebral palsy register, Child: Care, Health & Development, 29, 465–71, 2003 [PubMed: 14616904]
  121. Miller 2013a

    Miller, J. E., Pedersen, L. H., Streja, E., Bech, B. H., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Van Naarden Braun, K., Schendel, D. E., Christensen, D., Uldall, P., Olsen, J., Maternal infections during pregnancy and cerebral palsy: A population-based cohort study, Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 27, 542–552, 2013 [PMC free article: PMC4997608] [PubMed: 24117888]
  122. Miller 2013b

    Miller, N., Pennington, L., Robson, S., Roelant, E., Steen, N., Lombardo, E., Changes in voice quality after speech-language therapy intervention in older children with cerebral palsy, Folia Phoniatrica et Logopedica, 65, 200–7, 2013 [PubMed: 24503934]
  123. Mir & Tovey 2003

    Mir, G., Tovey, P., Asian Carers’ Experiences of Medical and Social Care: The Case of Cerebral Palsy, British Journal of Social Work, 33, 465–479, 2003
  124. Mitha 2013

    Mitha, A., Foix-L’Helias, L., Arnaud, C., Marret, S., Vieux, R., Aujard, Y., Thiriez, G., Larroque, B., Cambonie, G., Burguet, A., Boileau, P., Roze, J. C., Kaminski, M., Truffert, P., Ancel, P. Y., Epipage Study Group, Neonatal infection and 5-year neurodevelopmental outcome of very preterm infants, Pediatrics, 132, e372–80, 2013 [PubMed: 23878051]
  125. Morgan & Aldag 1996

    Morgan, A.M., Aldag, J.C., Early identification of cerebral palsy using a profile of abnormal motor patterns, Pediatrics, 98, 692–697, 1996 [PubMed: 8885948]
  126. Morgan 2016

    Morgan, C., Crowle, C., Goyen, T. A., Hardman, C., Jackman, M., Novak, I., Badawi, N., Sensitivity and specificity of General Movements Assessment for diagnostic accuracy of detecting cerebral palsy early in an Australian context, Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 52, 54–59, 2016 [PubMed: 26289780]
  127. Munn 2014

    Munn, Z., Moola, S., Riitano, D., Lisy, K., The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence, International Journal of Health Policy & Management, 3, 123–8, 2014 [PMC free article: PMC4154549] [PubMed: 25197676]
  128. Nasef 2013

    Nasef, N., Shabaan, A.E., Schurr, P., Iaboni, D., Choudhury, J., Church, P., Dunn, M.S., Effect of clinical and histological chorioamnionitis on the outcome of preterm infants, American Journal of Perinatology, 30, 59–68, 2013 [PubMed: 22773280]
  129. Natarajan 2013

    Natarajan, G., Shankaran, S., Laptook, A. R., Pappas, A., Bann, C. M., McDonald, S. A., Das, A., Higgins, R. D., Hintz, S. R., Vohr, B. R., Extended Hypothermia Subcommittee of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child, Health, Human Development Neonatal Research, Network, Apgar scores at 10 min and outcomes at 6-7 years following hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal Edition, 98, F473–9, 2013 [PMC free article: PMC4166405] [PubMed: 23896791]
  130. NAHT 2009

    Newcastle Acute Hospitals Trust. Speech therapist led videofluroscopy for swallowing assessments. NICE Quality and Productivity Case Studies. UK, 2009.
  131. Newman 2006

    Newman, C.J., O’Regan, M., Hensey, O., Sleep disorders in children with cerebral palsy, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 48, 564–568, 2006 [PubMed: 16780625]
  132. Nystrand 2014

    Nystrand, M., Beckung, E., Dickinson, H., Colver, A., Stability of motor function and associated impairments between childhood and adolescence in young people with cerebral palsy in Europe, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 56, 833–8, 2014 [PMC free article: PMC4132119] [PubMed: 24641712]
  133. O’Callaghan 2011

    O’Callaghan, M. E., MacLennan, A. H., Gibson, C. S., McMichael, G. L., Haan, E. A., Broadbent, J. L., Goldwater, P. N., Dekker, G. A., Australian Collaborative Cerebral Palsy Research, Group, Epidemiologic associations with cerebral palsy, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 118, 576–82, 2011 [PubMed: 21860286]
  134. Odding 2006

    Odding, E., Roebroeck, M. E., Stam, H. J., The epidemiology of cerebral palsy: Incidence, impairments and risk factors, Disability and Rehabilitation, 28, 183–191, 2006 [PubMed: 16467053]
  135. Odibo 2009

    Odibo, A.O., Caughey, A.B., Grobman, W., Stamilio, D.M., Ville, Y., Selective laser photocoagulation versus serial amniodrainage for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome: a cost-effectiveness analysis, Journal of Perinatology, 29, 543–547, 2009 [PubMed: 19339984]
  136. Ottenbacher 1981

    Ottenbacher, K., Scoggins, A., Wayland, J., The effectiveness of a program of oral sensory motor therapy with the severely and profoundly disabled, Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 1, 147–160, 1981
  137. PFC 2015

    Paediatric Formulary Committee. BNF for Children 2015-2016. Pharmaceutical Press, BMJ Group and RCPCH Publications. London, 2015.
  138. Pappas 2014

    Pappas, A., Kendrick, D. E., Shankaran, S., Stoll, B. J., Bell, E. F., Laptook, A. R., Walsh, M. C., Das, A., Hale, E. C., Newman, N. S., Higgins, R. D., Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child, Health, Human Development Neonatal Research, Network, Chorioamnionitis and early childhood outcomes among extremely low-gestational-age neonates, JAMA Pediatrics, 168, 137–47, 2014 [PMC free article: PMC4219500] [PubMed: 24378638]
  139. Parkes 2008

    Parkes, J., White-Koning, M., Dickinson, H.O., Thyen, U., Arnaud, C., Beckung, E., Fauconnier, J., Marcelli, M., McManus, V., Michelsen, S.I., Parkinson, K., Colver, A., Psychological problems in children with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional European study, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49, 405–413, 2008 [PubMed: 18081767]
  140. Parkes 2010

    Parkes, J., Hill, N., Platt, M.J., Donnelly, C., Oromotor dysfunction and communication impairments in children with cerebral palsy: a register study, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 52, 1113–1119, 2010 [PubMed: 20813020]
  141. Parkinson 2013

    Parkinson, K. N., Dickinson, H. O., Arnaud, C., Lyons, A., Colver, A., Sparcle group, Pain in young people aged 13 to 17 years with cerebral palsy: cross-sectional, multicentre European study, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 98, 434–40, 2013 [PMC free article: PMC3664388] [PubMed: 23606716]
  142. Parr

    Parr, JR, Todhunter, E, Pennington, L, Stocken, DD, Kisler, J, O’Hare, A, Tuffrey, C, Williams, J, Colver, A, The Drooling Reduction Intervention randomised trial (DRI): comparing the efficacy and acceptability of Hyoscine patches and Glycopyrronium liquid in children with neurodisability [UNPUBLISHED ARTICLE] [PMC free article: PMC5890631] [PubMed: 29192000]
  143. Patrick 1986

    Patrick, J., Boland, M., Stoski, D., Murray, G.E., Rapid correction of wasting in children with cerebral palsy, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 28, 734–739, 1986 [PubMed: 3102303]
  144. Penner 2013

    Penner, M., Xie, W.Y., Binepal, N., Switzer, L., Fehlings, D., Characteristics of pain in children and youth with cerebral palsy, Pediatrics, 132, e407–e413, 2013 [PubMed: 23858420]
  145. Pennington 2004

    Pennington, L., Goldbart, J., Marshall, J., Speech and language therapy to improve the communication skills of children with cerebral palsy, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD003466, 2004 [PMC free article: PMC8407241] [PubMed: 15106204]
  146. Pennington 2010

    Pennington L, Miller N, Robson S, Steen N, Intensive speech and language therapy for older children with cerebral palsy: a systems approach, Developmental medicine and Child neurology, 52, 337–44, 2010. [PubMed: 19758364]
  147. Petrini 2009

    Petrini, J.R., Dias, T., McCormick, M.C., Massolo, M.L., Green, N.S., Escobar, G.J., Increased risk of adverse neurological development for late preterm infants, Journal of Pediatrics, 154, 169–176, 2009 [PubMed: 19081113]
  148. Philips 2004

    Philips, Z., Ginnelly, L., Sculpher, M., Claxton, K., Golder, S., Riemsma, R., Woolacoot, N., Glanville, J., Review of guidelines for good practice in decision-analytic modelling in health technology assessment, Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England), 8, iii–iiv, ixxi, 1–158, 2004 [PubMed: 15361314]
  149. Pinder & Olswang 1995

    Pinder, G.L., Olswang, L.B., Development of communicative intent in young children with cerebral palsy: A treatment efficacy study, Infant-Toddler Intervention, 5, 51–69, 1995
  150. Reid 2008

    Reid, S.M., Johnstone, B.R., Westbury, C., Rawicki, B., Reddihough, D.S., Randomized trial of botulinum toxin injections into the salivary glands to reduce drooling in children with neurological disorders, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 50, 123–128, 2008 [PubMed: 18201301]
  151. Reid 2011

    Reid, A., Imrie, H., Brouwer, E., Clutton, S., Evans, J., Russell, D., Bartlett, D., “If I knew then what I know now”: parents’ reflections on raising a child with cerebral palsy, Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 31, 169–83, 2011 [PubMed: 21189101]
  152. Reid 2014

    Reid, S.M., Dagia, C.D., Ditchfield, M.R., Carlin, J.B., Reddihough, D.S., Population-based studies of brain imaging patterns in cerebral palsy, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 56, 222–232, 2014 [PubMed: 23937113]
  153. Richman & Kozlowski 1977

    Richman, J.S., Kozlowski, N.L., Operant training of head control and beginning language for a severely developmentally disabled child, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 8, 437–440, 1977
  154. Romeo 2014

    Romeo, D. M., Brogna, C., Quintiliani, M., Baranello, G., Pagliano, E., Casalino, T., Sacco, A., Ricci, D., Mallardi, M., Musto, E., Sivo, S., Cota, F., Battaglia, D., Bruni, O., Mercuri, E., Sleep disorders in children with cerebral palsy: neurodevelopmental and behavioral correlates, Sleep Medicine, 15, 213–8, 2014 [PubMed: 24424102]
  155. Romski 2010

    Romski, M., Sevcik, R. A., Adamson, L. B., Cheslock, M., Smith, A., Barker, R. M., Bakeman, R., Randomized comparison of augmented and nonaugmented language interventions for toddlers with developmental delays and their parents, Journal of Speech Language & Hearing Research, 53, 350–64, 2010 [PubMed: 20360461]
  156. Rosenbaum 2007

    Rosenbaum, P. L., Livingston, M. H., Palisano, R. J., Galuppi, B. E., Russell, D. J., Quality of life and health-related quality of life of adolescents with cerebral palsy, Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49, 516–21, 2007 [PubMed: 17593124]
  157. Ruck 2010

    Ruck, J., Chabot, G., Rauch, F., Vibration treatment in cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled pilot study, Journal of Musculoskeletal Neuronal Interactions, 10, 77–83, 2010 [PubMed: 20190383]
  158. Scheffer 2010

    Scheffer, A.R., Erasmus, C., van, Hulst K., van, Limbeek J., Rotteveel, J.J., Jongerius, P.H., van den Hoogen, F.J., Botulinum toxin versus submandibular duct relocation for severe drooling, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 52, 1038–1042, 2010 [PubMed: 20561006]
  159. Sellier 2012

    Sellier, E., Uldall, P., Calado, E., Sigurdardottir, S., Torrioli, M.G., Platt, M.J., Cans, C., Epilepsy and cerebral palsy: characteristics and trends in children born in 1976-1998, European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 16, 48–55, 2012 [PubMed: 22079130]
  160. Seme-Ciglenecki 2003

    Seme-Ciglenecki, P., Predictive value of assessment of general movements for neurological development of high-risk preterm infants: comparative study, Croatian Medical Journal, 44, 721–727, 2003 [PubMed: 14652886]
  161. Sethy & Mokashi 2011

    Sethy, D., Mokashi, S., Effect of a token economy behaviour therapy on drooling in children with cerebral palsy, International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 18, 494–499, 2011
  162. Shatrov 2010

    Shatrov, J. G., Birch, S. C., Lam, L. T., Quinlivan, J. A., McIntyre, S., Mendz, G. L., Chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy: a meta-analysis, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 116, 387–92, 2010 [PubMed: 20664400]
  163. Shevell 2009

    Shevell, M. I., Dagenais, L., Hall, N., Repacq Consortium, Comorbidities in cerebral palsy and their relationship to neurologic subtype and GMFCS level, Neurology, 72, 2090–6, 2009 [PubMed: 19528515]
  164. Shimmell 2013

    Shimmell, L. J., Gorter, J. W., Jackson, D., Wright, M., Galuppi, B., “It’s the participation that motivates him”: physical activity experiences of youth with cerebral palsy and their parents, Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 33, 405–20, 2013 [PubMed: 23663137]
  165. Sigafoos & Couzens 1995

    Sigafoos, J., Couzens, D., Teaching functional use of an eye gaze communication board to a child with multiple disabilities, British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 41 Part 2, 114–125, 1995
  166. Sigan 2013

    Sigan, S., Uzunhan, T., Aydinli, N., Eraslan, E., Ekici, B., Caliskan, M., Effects of oral motor therapy in children with cerebral palsy, Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 16, 342–346, 2013 [PMC free article: PMC3788277] [PubMed: 24101813]
  167. Solodiuk 2010

    Solodiuk, J. C., Scott-Sutherland, J., Meyers, M., Myette, B., Shusterman, C., Karian, V. E., Harris, S. K., Curley, M. A., Validation of the Individualized Numeric Rating Scale (INRS): a pain assessment tool for nonverbal children with intellectual disability, Pain, 150, 231–6, 2010 [PubMed: 20363075]
  168. Soraisham 2013

    Soraisham, A.S., Trevenen, C., Wood, S., Singhal, N., Sauve, R., Histological chorioamnionitis and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants, Journal of Perinatology, 33, 70–75, 2013 [PubMed: 22555781]
  169. Spittle 2013

    Spittle, A.J., Spencer-Smith, M.M., Eeles, A.L., Lee, K.J., Lorefice, L.E., Anderson, P.J., Doyle, L.W., Does the Bayley-III Motor Scale at 2 years predict motor outcome at 4 years in very preterm children?, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 55, 448–452, 2013 [PubMed: 23216518]
  170. Stoll 2004

    Stoll, B. J., Hansen, N. I., Adams-Chapman, I., Fanaroff, A. A., Hintz, S. R., Vohr, B., Higgins, R. D., National Institute of Child, Health, Human Development Neonatal Research, Network, Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection, JAMA, 292, 2357–65, 2004 [PubMed: 15547163]
  171. Strauss 2007

    Strauss, D., Shavelle, R., Reynolds, R., Rosenbloom, L., Day, S., Survival in cerebral palsy in the last 20 years: signs of improvement?, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49, 86–92, 2007 [PubMed: 17253993]
  172. Streja 2013

    Streja, E., Miller, J. E., Bech, B. H., Greene, N., Pedersen, L. H., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Van Naarden Braun, K., Schendel, D. E., Christensen, D., Uldall, P., Olsen, J., Congenital cerebral palsy and prenatal exposure to self-reported maternal infections, fever, or smoking, American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 209, 332.e1–332.e10, 2013 [PMC free article: PMC4512233] [PubMed: 23791566]
  173. Sukhov 2012

    Sukhov, A., Wu, Y., Xing, G., Smith, L. H., Gilbert, W. M., Risk factors associated with cerebral palsy in preterm infants, Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 25, 53–7, 2012 [PubMed: 21463212]
  174. Sullivan 2006

    Sullivan, P.B., Alder, N., Bachlet, A.M., Grant, H., Juszczak, E., Henry, J., Vernon-Roberts, A., Warner, J., Wells, J., Gastrostomy feeding in cerebral palsy: too much of a good thing?, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 48, 877–882, 2006 [PubMed: 17044953]
  175. Surman 2009

    Surman, G., Hemming, K., Platt, M.J., Parkes, J., Green, A., Hutton, J., Kurinczuk, J.J., Children with cerebral palsy: severity and trends over time, Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 23, 513–521, 2009 [PubMed: 19840287]
  176. Touyama 2013

    Touyama, M., Touyama, J., Ochiai, Y., Toyokawa, S., Kobayashi, Y., Long-term survival of children with cerebral palsy in Okinawa, Japan, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 55, 459–463, 2013 [PubMed: 23398383]
  177. Trahan & Marcoux 1994

    Trahan, J., Marcoux, S., Factors associated with the inability of children with cerebral palsy to walk at six years: a retrospective study, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 36, 787–795, 1994 [PubMed: 7926329]
  178. Udwin & Yule 1990

    Udwin, O., Yule, W., Augmentative communication systems taught to cerebral palsied children - a longitudinal study. I. The acquisition of signs and symbols, and syntactic aspects of their use over time, British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 25, 295–309, 1990 [PubMed: 2095837]
  179. Uvebrant 1988

    Uvebrant, P., Hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Aetiology and outcome, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica - Supplement, 345, 1–100, 1988 [PubMed: 3201989]
  180. van Kooij 2010

    van Kooij, B. J., van Handel, M., Nievelstein, R. A., Groenendaal, F., Jongmans, M. J., de Vries, L. S., Serial MRI and neurodevelopmental outcome in 9- to 10-year-old children with neonatal encephalopathy, Journal of Pediatrics, 157, 221–227.e2, 2010 [PubMed: 20381069]
  181. Voepel-Lewis 2002

    Voepel-Lewis, T., Merkel, S., Tait, A. R., Trzcinka, A., Malviya, S., The reliability and validity of the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment, Anesthesia & Analgesia, 95, 1224–9, table of contents, 2002 [PubMed: 12401598]
  182. Wang 2014

    Wang, L. W., Lin, Y. C., Wang, S. T., Yeh, T. F., Huang, C. C., Hypoxic/ischaemic and infectious events have cumulative effects on the risk of cerebral palsy in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants, Neonatology, 106, 209–15, 2014 [PubMed: 25012626]
  183. Ward 2014

    Ward, R., Leitao, S., Strauss, G., An evaluation of the effectiveness of PROMPT therapy in improving speech production accuracy in six children with cerebral palsy, International Journal of Speechlanguage Pathology, 16, 355–71, 2014 [PubMed: 24521506]
  184. Wasdell 2008

    Wasdell, M. B., Jan, J. E., Bomben, M. M., Freeman, R. D., Rietveld, W. J., Tai, J., Hamilton, D., Weiss, M. D., A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of controlled release melatonin treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome and impaired sleep maintenance in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities, Journal of Pineal Research, 44, 57–64, 2008 [PubMed: 18078449]
  185. Westbom 2011

    Westbom, L., Bergstrand, L., Wagner, P., Nordmark, E., Survival at 19 years of age in a total population of children and young people with cerebral palsy, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 53, 808–814, 2011 [PubMed: 21745199]
  186. Whittingham 2014a

    Whittingham, K., Sanders, M., McKinlay, L., Boyd, R. N., Interventions to reduce behavioral problems in children with cerebral palsy: An RCT, Pediatrics, 133, e1249–e1257, 2014 [PubMed: 24709926]
  187. Whittingham 2014b

    Whittingham, K., Sanders, M., McKinlay, L., Boyd, R. N., Child quality of life and parent psychological adjustment can be improved with Stepping Stones Triple P and ACT: An RCT, Developmental medicine and child neurology, 56, 75, 2014
  188. Wiegerink & Verheijden 2013

    Wiegerink, D., Verheijden, J., 100 questions about sex and cerebral palsy (CP) of young adults with CP, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 55, 14, 2013
  189. Wolf 1997

    Wolf, M.J., Wolf, B., Bijleveld, C., Beunen, G., Casaer, P., Neurodevelopmental outcome in babies with a low Apgar score from Zimbabwe, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 39, 821–826, 1997 [PubMed: 9433858]
  190. Wu 2004

    Wu, Y. W., Day, S. M., Strauss, D. J., Shavelle, R. M., Prognosis for ambulation in cerebral palsy: a population-based study, Pediatrics, 114, 1264–71, 2004 [PubMed: 15520106]
  191. Wu 2011

    Wu, K.P.-H., Ke, J.Y., Chen, C.Y., Chen, C.L., Chou, M.Y., Pei, Y.C., Botulinum toxin type A on oral health in treating sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Journal of Child Neurology, 26, 838–843, 2011 [PubMed: 21551374]
  192. Wu 2013

    Wu, C.S., Pedersen, L.H., Miller, J.E., Sun, Y., Streja, E., Uldall, P., Olsen, J., Risk of cerebral palsy and childhood epilepsy related to infections before or during pregnancy, PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource], 8, e57552-, 2013 [PMC free article: PMC3583873] [PubMed: 23460873]
  193. Young 2009

    Young, N.L., Barden, W.S., Mills, W.A., Burke, T.A., Law, M., Boydell, K., Transition to adult-oriented health care: perspectives of youth and adults with complex physical disabilities, Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 29, 345–361, 2009 [PubMed: 19916821]
  194. Zeller 2012

    Zeller, R.S., Lee, H.M., Cavanaugh, P.F., Davidson, J., Randomized Phase III evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a novel glycopyrrolate oral solution for the management of chronic severe drooling in children with cerebral palsy or other neurologic conditions, Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 8, 15–23, 2012 [PMC free article: PMC3269347] [PubMed: 22298950]
Copyright National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2017.
Bookshelf ID: NBK533239

Views

Related information

  • PMC
    PubMed Central citations
  • PubMed
    Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...