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Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al. Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Apr. (Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.)

Appendix FExercise Categories

Table F-1Exercise and related intervention categories

General CategoryTypes Included
Muscle Performance
  • Resistance training (strength, power or endurance exercises)
  • Sling exercise
  • Aquatic therapy/exercise
  • Musculoskeletal rehabilitation
  • Pilates
Neuromuscular Re-Education
  • Motor control exercises (MCE)
  • Trunk coordination/trunk strengthening
  • Stabilization exercises
  • Posture training
Mobility, Flexibility
  • McKenzie/directional preference
  • Stretching
  • Lumbar flexion exercises
  • Other mobility or flexibility exercises
Cardiovascular/Aerobic
  • Cardiovascular training
  • Aerobic training
  • Walking
  • Aquatic therapy/exercise if aerobic focused
Combined Exercise
  • Intervention combining exercises from two or more of the above categories