Figure 12 is a forest plot. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for six short-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.38 (95% confidence interval −0.63 to −0.20) and an overall I-squared value of 0%. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for three intermediate-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.09 (95% confidence interval −0.26 to 0.12) and an overall I-squared value of 0%.

Figure 12Massage versus sham massage, usual care, or attention control intervention for chronic low back pain: effects on function

AC = attention control; AP = acupressure; CI = confidence interval; FR = foot reflexology; MD = mean difference; MI = minimal intervention; MRDQ = Modified Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; MR = myofascial release; N = number; QBDS = Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale; RDQ = Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; RS = relaxation/structural; SD = standard deviation; SM = sham massage, SMD = standardized mean difference; UC = usual care

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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