Figure 20 is a forest plot. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for four short-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.23 (95% confidence interval −0.35 to −0.04) and an overall I-squared value of 24.8%. Standardized mean differences were reported or calculated for three intermediate-term studies, with a pooled standardized mean difference of −0.08 (95% confidence interval −0.42 to 0.28) and an overall I-squared value of 64.0%. Standardized mean difference was reported or calculated for one long-term study (−0.17, 95% confidence interval −0.47 to 0.13).

Figure 20Acupuncture versus sham acupuncture, usual care, attention control, or a placebo intervention for chronic low back pain: effects on function

AC = attention control; CI = confidence interval; HFAQ = Hannover Functional Ability Questionnaire; MI = minimal intervention; MRDQ = Modified Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; N = number; NE = no exercise; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; PDI = Pain Disability Index; SA=sham acupuncture; SD = standard deviation; SMD = standardized mean difference; SNA =standard needle acupuncture; UC = usual care; WL = waitlist

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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