Figure 5 is a forest plot. Mean differences were reported or calculated for 11 short-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of −1.27 (95% confidence interval −1.77 to −0.65) and an overall I-squared value of 63.9%. Mean differences were reported or calculated for five intermediate-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of −0.85 (95% confidence interval −1.67 to −0.07) and an overall I-squared value of 50.2%. Mean difference was reported or calculated for one long-term study (−1.55, 95% confidence interval −2.76 to −0.34).

Figure 5Exercise versus usual care, an attention control, or a placebo intervention for chronic low back pain: effects on pain

AC = attention control; CI = confidence interval; CPGS –BD =Von Korff Chronic Pain Grade Score Back Disability; DP = directional preference; ; GE= general exercise; MC = motor control; MD = mean difference; MF = mobility/flexibility; MI = minimal intervention; N = number; NE = no exercise; NM = neuromuscular re-education; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; PDI = Pain Disability Index; RDQ = Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; SD = standard deviation; SMD = standardized mean difference; S. pilates = selective Pilates; Strng=Strength training; UC = usual care; WL = waitlist

From: Results

Cover of Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update
Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.
Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al.
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