| Author Year PMID Trial name (if given) | Country/countries Study years Study type | Funding source | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Did participants fail to improve with previous treatment? | UI Type (%) | Age, mean (SD) [range] | Special populations | Race | enrolled | analyzed | dropouts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdelbary 2015 26135813 | Egypt, 2010–2014, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | > = 40 y/o without UTI, SUI, prior anti-incontinence or pelvic surgery, anti-incontinence meds (for at least 3 months), or malignancy | none listed, opposite of inclusion | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 (The primary outcome was improvement in urgency incontinence) | 48.5 (6) [40–70] | 315 | 315 | 0 | ||
| Abdulaziz 2012 | Saudi Arabia, 2010–2011, RCT | Not reported | perimenopausal (Age 40–50years), multiparous (3–6 children), obese women (BMI > 32/Kg/M2) with complaints of pelvic floor dysfunction and stress urinary incontinence. | history of genetourinary pathology, neurological disorders, chest infection, chronic cough, diabetes or having participated at aerobic training programs within recent three months | No (explicitly treatment naive) | Stress: 100 | 43.8 (4.4) [40, 50] | 56 | 56 | 0 | ||
| Ahlund 2013 23672520 | Sweden, nd, RCT | Not reported | Normal term singleton vaginal delivery and having problem with SUI | Neurological bladder dysfunction or tumors in the genital area | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 33 (3.6) | 98 | 82 | 16 | ||
| Alves 2011 21860988 | Brazil, nd, RCT | Not reported | All patients had a clinical diagnosis of SUI and urinary loss for at least three months | urogenital prolapse grade III or higher18, urinary tract infection, instability of the detrusor muscle, cardiac pacemakers, devices implanted in the pelvis, vaginal inflammation/infections, pregnancy, intrinsic sphincter deficiency, use of hormone replacement therapy, pelvic or abdominal surgery within the last six months, cognitive impairment and non-attendance of the number of sessions provided | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 55.6 (6.5) [42] | 20 | 20 | 0 | ||
| Amundsen 2016 27701661 | U.S., 2012–2015, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Refractory urgency UI; a minimum of 6 urgency incontinence episodes on a baseline 3-day diary | Relevant neurologic diseases; history of using either of the study interventions; or a postvoid residual of more than 150 mL | Some supervised behavioral or physical therapy intervention; a minimum of 2 anticholinergics (or inability to tolerate or contraindications to the medication) | Urge: 100 | 63 (11.6) | 386 | 364 | 17 | ||
| Aziminekoo 2014 24971138 | Iran, 2011, 2012, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Female outpatients with documented over active bladder syndrome [urinary frequency (>or = 8 micturations /24 hours) plus urge incontinence (>or = 5 episodes/week)] who show idiopathic detrussor overactivity (IDO) in the filling cystometry. | nd | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 | 53 (12) | 100 | nd | nd | ||
| Baker 2014 24763155 | U.S., 2011–2012, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | women >18yo, 5 or more UUI on 3 day bladder diary | anticholinergic medication with the past 2 weeks, prior nonpharmacologic treatment of UUI such as supervised behavioral therapy, supervised or unsupervised physical therapy, supervised biofeedback transvaginal electrical stimulation, PTNS, Interstim, bladder botox, IC, neurological disorder. | Some had tried prior anticholinergics (~25% in each arm), ~10% had a prior midurethral sling | Urge: 100 | median 58 [22, 79] | 30 | 21 | 9 | ||
| Beer 2017 27501593 | U.S., 2012–2014, RCT | Not reported | Women who were eligible for neuromodulation surgery, over 21 years old, not currently pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant | Yes (48% with prior UI procedures) | Unclassified: 100 | 66.5 (12) | white 35%, black 12%, Hispanic 43% | 23 | 23 | 0 | ||
| Berlotto 2017 28508398 | Brazil 2014 RCT | Not reported | Postmenopausal status, age 50–65 years, a complaint of loss of urine on exertion, and provision of written informed consent. | Presence of a urinary tract infection, failure to understand pelvic floor muscle contraction, cognitive alterations, collagen- or muscle-related diseases, or neurological abnormalities. | No (explicitly treatment naive) | Stress: 100 | 58.3 (5.8) | Older women | 49 | 45 | 4 | |
| Bray 2017 28407338 | UK, 2004, 2006, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Age ≥18 years, had OAB symptoms for at least 6 months prior to entering the study, and had a BWT of at least 5 mm and post-micturition volume of less than 50 mL at screening. | Subjects could not be taking any anticholinergic drug or receiving any treatment for OAB. Women with significant SUI and women experiencing or with a history of urinary tract infection were also excluded from the study. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 | 47 (11.4) | white 81%, black 11%, Asian 3% | 79 | 65 | 14 | |
| But 2012 23390832 | Slovenia, 2007–2008, RCT | Not reported | female, urgency intensity and urgency urinary incontinence of ≥3 on the Urgency Perception Scale (UPS), and frequency ≥1 urgency episodes per day, no anticholinergic drugs for at least 6 months prior to study inclusion | pregnant, angular glaucoma, urinary infection, urinary tract stones, bladder disease (stones or tumors), dementia, neurogenic OAB with sever orthopedic difficulties | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 101 | median 54 (IQR 11.5) | 77 | 61 | 16 | ||
| Butt 2016 | Pakistan, nd, RCT | Not reported | Patients having complaint of urinary incontinence, complaints of nocturia, and/or complaints of frequency (the number of times a women voids during her waking hours. Normally it is between 4–7 voids per day) | Patients with urinary tract infection (on urine complete examination), fistula (history of continuous dribbling of urine), pregnancy, uterovaginal prolapspe, and/or diabetes (BSF >126 mg/dl and BSR>200 mg/dl). | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 100 | 57.34 (11.54) | 830 | 830 | 0 | ||
| Capobianco 2012 21706345 | Sardinia, 2005–2010, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | urinary stress incontinence, vaginal atrophy, and histories of recurrent urinary tract infections. None received estrogen treatment prior to the study. | pathologies or anatomical lesions of the urogenital tract such as uterovaginal prolapse, cystocele, and rectocele of grade II or III, severe systemic disorders, thromboembolic diseases, biliary lithiasis, previous breast or uterine cancer, abnormal uterine bleeding, and body mass index (BMI) > = 25 kg/m2 | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 (direct visualization of loss of urine from the urethra during the standard stress test and by urodynamic investigation) | 57.8 (4.5) | white 98.5% | 206 | 206 | 20 | |
| Castellani 2015 26043913 | Italy, 2010–2014, RCT | Not reported | postmenopausal women with SUI | previous surgical treatment for SUI or prolapse, urge incontinence < = POP-Q, severe hepatic disease, breast or uterine cancer, thromboembolic diseases, abnormal uterine bleeding, BMI > = 30 kg/m3 | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 55 (5.7) | 72 | 69 | 3 | ||
| Chughtai 2016 26883688 | U.S., nd, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | postmenopausal women with a history of overactive bladder symptoms for at least 3 months and at least one urgency incontinence episode per 24 h | evidence of chronic urologic inflammation, uncontrolled narrow angle glaucoma, recurrent urinary tract infection, significant stress incontinence, a partner with sexual dysfunction, an anatomic disorder of sexual function, a recent major gynaecological surgery, abnormal cervical smear results, history of gynaecological malignancy, and/or uncontrolled hypertension | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 100 | 55.4 [40.7, 66.6] | 23 | 18 | 5 | ||
| Chughtai 2016 26883688 ND | U.S., ND, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | postmenopausal women with a history of over-active bladder symptoms for at least 3 months, including an average of 8 or more micturitions per 24 h and at least one urgency incontinence episode per 24 h recorded in 3 day bladder diaries at baseline | chronic urologic inflammation, uncontrolled narrow angle glaucoma, recurrent urinary tract infection, significant stress incontinence, partner with sexual dysfunction, an anatomic disorder of sexual function, a recent major gynaecological surgery, abnormal cervical smear results, history of gynaecological malignancy, and/or uncontrolled hypertension | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 103 | 55.4 [40.7–66.6] | 23 | 18 | 5 | ||
| Cornu 2012 22588140 | France, 2006–2008, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Age > = 18; SUI with at least 4 episodes/week or Mixed urinary incontinence with predominant SUI component; Postmenopausal or under contraception | Vaginal delivery in the past 2 months, bladder or vaginal active disease, acute or recurrent urinary infection; pelvic organ prolapse; surgical intervention for SUI in the past 6 months; drug treatment for urinary incontinence in the last month; pelvic floor muscle training under way | Some (14.5% previous UI surgery) | Stress: 100 (stress or mixed with primary stress component) | 58.6 (13.6) [29, 88] | 55 | 41 | 14 | ||
| Correia 2014 24382548 | Brazil, 2012–2013, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | women over age 50 who complained of urinary leakage on stress and who had not undergone PT for UI. | Patients with UUI or MUI. Latex allergies, vaginal or urinary infections, POP > grade 2, inability to contract pelvic muscles, cognitive or neurological disorder, uncontrolled HTN, hormone therapy, pacemaker, metal rod implant, inability to complete evaluation and treatment. | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 60.13 (9.35) | 48 | 45 | 3 | ||
| de Souza Abreu 2017 28346721 ND | Brazil, 2013–2014, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | women 18 years and older with self reported urinary Underwent a cough-provocation test | absence of losses during the cough provocation test; musculoskeletal and/or neurological dysfunction that compromised the performance or understanding of the exercises; genital prolapse beyond the vaginal opening; use of anti-cholinergic drugs or hormone replacement therapy; ongoing urinary or vaginal infection. Pregnant or breastfeeding women and women undergoing treatment for SUI of effort, for pelvic floor dysfunction and for changes in spine alignment | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 64 (11.9) | 40 | 33 | 7 | ||
| Dede 2013 23086134 | Germany, 2007–2008, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | urge incontinence, mixed incontinence (motor component dominant with at least 1 unstable detrusor contraction with simultaneous urge or urge incontinence) | stress incontinence primary diagnosis, urological or gynecological surgeries < 3 months before study start, untreated tachy-arrythmia, closed angle glaucoma, outflow obstruction of any etiology, myasthenia gravis, pregnancy and lactation, acute allergies or drug intolerance towards atropine, oxy-butynin, TCI, or any adjuvant contained in the tablets, other anticholinergics, tri-tetracyclic antidepressants, calcium antagonists (unless started at least 3 months before administration of the first dose of study medication) and b-sympathomimetics in the last 7 days before the first urodynamic assessment were not eligible. Disallowed concomitant medications were antihistamines, amantadine, quinidine, disopyramide. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 56 (detrussor instability), mixed: 44 (motor component dominant) | 51.83 (10.52) | 90 | 90 | 0 | ||
| Delgado 2013 23640005 | UK, nd, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | women > 18 with sure SUI or stress-predominant mixed UI, no previous UI surgery | pregnancy, <12 weels post-partum, taking duloxeting, recent or current UTI, neurological disease, post-void residual ≥ 100 ml, organ prolapse | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 100 | 49.6 [36–68] | 52 | 40 | 12 | ||
| Dmochowski 2014 24666884 | Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, ND, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Women 18–75 years of age with a history of OAB (urge or mixed urinary incontinence with predominant urge incontinence) for at least 6 months | predominant stress incontinence or mixed incontinence post void residual urine volume > 100 ml or polyuria (> 3 l/day) underlying neurological disease responsible for OAB active urinary tract infection clinically relevant cardiac arrhythmias Pelvic or urologic abnormalities Bladder urinary tract surgery Patients taking medications with antimuscarinic or antihistaminic activity | Not reported/unclear | Urge or mixed: 100 | 56 (12.2) [18–75] | white 57.7%, Asian 40.8% | 138 | 130 | 8 | |
| Ferreira 2012 | Portugal, nd, RCT | Not reported | a clinical history of SUI with mild to moderate severity, a pad test of more than 1 g, the ability to contract the PFM, and a 50% attendance at the training programmes | previous surgeries for SUI, neurological or psychiatric diseases, and other diseases or medication that would interfere with the outcomes of the study | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 52.3 (9.1) | 38 | 34 | 4 | ||
| Fitz 2017 28169458 | Brazil, 2011–2014, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Predominance of SUI symptoms and≥2 g leakage measured by pad test and with capability to contract the PFM properly. | Younger than 18 years old, had chronic degenerative diseases, pelvic organ prolapse greater than stage I by POP-Q, neurologic or psychiatric diseases, inability to contract PFMs, had previous pelvic floor re-education programs and/or pelvic floor surgeries | No (explicitly treatment naive) | Stress: 100 | 56.4 (11.3) | 72 | 49 | 23 | ||
| Fürst 2014 25003921 | Brazil, 2000–2002, RCT | Not reported | clinical and urodynamic SUI | none listed | Yes (patients with a history of surgical treatment for SUI, pelvic reconstruction and hysterectomy were included) | Urge: 63, stress: 100, mixed: 63 | 49.6 (10.6) | 48 | 35 | 13 | ||
| Galea 2013 | Australia, nd, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Healthy women living in the community, aged between 60 and 85 years with symptoms of stress and/or urge UI | faecal loading, known neurological symptoms, or currently receiving physiotherapy intervention for UI | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 65, stress: 9, mixed: 26 | 73.5 (9) [61, 86] | older women 70% | 23 | 22 | 1 | |
| Ghaderi 2016 27059833 | Iran, nd, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Age 45–60 years old; chronic nonspecific low back pain; SUI; experience of 2 or 3 normal deliveries | Experience of the pelvic surgery or spine; malignant condition; pelvic or spine fracture; had twins or more; have low back pain with specific condition | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 52.9 (1.1) | 60 | nd | nd | ||
| Gittelman 2014 24231837 ND | U.S., Canada, 2004–2006, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | ≥18 years of age; OAB for ≥6 months; pure or predominant urinary urge incontinence (UUI); willing to discontinue all current OAB medications for 2 weeks prior to a placebo run-in period. | Pure or predominant stress incontinence, insensate incontinence, or overflow urinary incontinence; urinary retention;uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma; hypersensitivity to Oxy or silicone; pregnancy/delivery in last 6 months; infections or conditions of urinary tract, bladder, vagina, or cervix that precluded VR placement or visual inspection; cervical dysplasia or any atypical Pap smear findings; known HIV positivity; history of any other medical conditions that could worsen with Oxy administration or VR use; current use of vaginal contraceptives or devices; initiation of hormone therapy within prior 3 months; prior Oxy response ure; and any use in the previous 3 months of other investigational drugs. | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 100 | 57 (11.5) [21.3] | white 78.6%, black 16.7%, Hispanic 4.3%, Asian 0.3% | 720 | 323 | 54 | |
| Golmakani 2014 24498480 | Iran, 2008–2009, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Women, 25–65 yo, proven SUI | Chronic degenerative diseases, vaginitis, pregnancy, active or recurrent UTIs, advanced genital prolapse, cardiac pacemakers | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 (> = 3 episodes/wk) | 45.5 (4.6) [25–65 (eligibility)] | 60 | 51 | 9 | ||
| Gozukara 2014 24711149 | Turkey, 2008–2008, RCT | Not reported | ive or more episodes of any UI in a-3-day voiding diary and a BMI over 25 kg/m2 | Women who had used medical therapy for incontinence or made any attempt at weight loss within the previous month and women with urinary tract infection, pregnancy, or parturition in the previous 6 months and previous genitourinary surgery were excluded. Patients with UI due to neurological or functional origins, or with significant systemic and genitourinary medical conditions, and women who required assistance during their daily activities were also excluded. Additionally, patients who were using any medication that potentially affects urinary continence (e.g., cholinergic and anticholinergic agents, certain antihypertensives, diuretics, opioids, and certain psychotropic drugs) were excluded. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 23, stress: 40, mixed: 37 | 43.8 (9.7) | 378 | 321 | 57 | ||
| Hirakawa 2013 23306768 | Japan, 2008–2011, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | SUI; leakage episode occurring more than once a week | Pelvic organ prolapse beyond the vaginal hymen; pregnancy; previous pelvic surgery for urology or gynecology in the past year, concomitant treatment for SUI during the trial period; neurological or psychiatric disease; urinary tract infection; any severe disease such as malignancy | Stress: 100 | 56.8 (10.6) | 46 | 39 | 7 | |||
| Huang 2012 22542122 | U.S., 2009–2010, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | woman ≥ 18 years old, isolated urgency incontinence or mixed incontinence, ≥ 7 incontinence episodes per week in the past 3 months | self-reported complex medical history (incontinence surgery in last 5 years, pelvic surgery in last 6 months), >3 UTI in last year, urinary tract or rectal fistula, interstitial cystitis, symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse, urogenital cancer or radiation, congenital abnormalities leading to incontinence, major neurological disorder, patients with contraindications to fesoterodine therapy. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 (urgency-predominant incontinence on the 3IQ) | 56 (14) | white 66.2%, black 22.3%, Hispanic 7.1%, Asian 2.3% | 645 | 604 | 41 | |
| Huang 2014 24763156 | U.S., 2012, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Age > 40; experience incontinence for at least 3 months; document at least 7 episodes of incontinence on a screening 7-day voiding diary; half of those episodes being stress-type or urgency-type incontinence | Severe mobility limitations that would prevent participation in the yoga program; previous formal yoga instruction within the past year or any prior use of yoga specifically to treat incontinence; pregnancy within the past 6 months; current urinary tract infection or hematuria (assessed by urine dipstick testing) or history of 3 or more urinary tract infections in the past year; major neurologic condition such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson disease; history of congenital defect leading to incontinence, fistula in the bladder or rectum, pelvic cancer or radiation, or interstitial cystitis or chronic pelvic pain; current symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse; body mass index greater than 35 kg/m2; or prior surgery to the urinary tract. Participants also could not have used practitioner-supervised behavioral, pharmacological, or other clinical treatments (eg, pessary) for incontinence within the past 3 months or be planning to initiate new clinical incontinence treatments during the study. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 63, stress: 37 | 61.4 (8.2) | 19 | 18 | 1 | ||
| Huebner 2011 20848671 | Germany, 2004–2006, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | clinically verified SUI and MUI with predominant SUI, ability to perform a voluntary pelvic floor contraction, age 18 or older, negative pregnancy test. | cardiac pacemaker, non-contracting/non-functioning pelvic floor, stage 2 or greater prolapse, genital anomalies, urogyn surgery in the prior 2 months, participation in other studies, OAB or MUI with predominant OAB | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 49.8 (12.9) | 108 | 88 | 20 | ||
| Jabs 2013 23343798 ND | Canada, 2008–2009, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Females over 18 years of age Diagnosis of urinary urge incontinence with resistance to or intolerance of anticholinergic medication Willingness and ability to use self-catheterization if necessary | Urinary urge incontinence secondary to neurologic disease Known allergy or sensitivity to any of the components in the study medication Pregnant and/or breast-feeding The medical conditions of myasthenia gravis, Eaton-Lambert syndrome, or amytrophic lateral sclerosis Symptomatic urinary retention or post-void residual of > 200 mL Anticoagulation therapy Familial bleeding disorder Previous bladder pathology Participation in another drug study Previous botulinum toxin treatment for urological condition | Yes (anticholinergics) | Urge: 100 | 63.4 (10.3) | 21 | 21 | 0 | ||
| Jafarabadi 2015 25369726 | Iran, 2011–2013, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | female outpatients age > = 45 with documented OAB (urinary frequency > = micturations/24 hours plus urge incontinence > = 5 episodes/week who show IDO in the filling chemistry | lactation, pregnancy, glaucoma, urinary infection, stress UI, myasthenia gravis, neuropathy, mental disorder, gross renal, hepatic or cardiovascular disorders, obstruction in urinary bladder outlet, history of genitourinary operations, interstitial cystitis, unexplained hematuria, urinary catheterization, concomitant antimuscarinic medication, electrostimulation therapy or bladder training, allergy to oxybutynin or tolterodine, treatment with tolterodine or oxybutynin in the 3 months before randomization and exposure to any other investigational drug in the preceding 2 months. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 | 54.9 (9) | 301 | 282 | 19 | ||
| Jha 2017 28801034 | UK 2012–2015 RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Sexually active, over the age of 18 yrs and with urinary incontinence attending for PFMT; greater than 25% on the urinary domain of the sexual function dimension, and/or greater than 33% for the degree of bother for the same symptom | prolapse, previous incontinence surgery, > = Grade 3 muscle strength, UTI, pacemaker, IUD, pregnant, undiagnosed pelvic pain, known sensitivity to electrodes or gel, infection of vulva or vagina, recent hemorrhage or hematoma, atrophic vaginitis | Not reported/unclear | Unlcassified: 100% | 45.6 (9.5) | White: 98%, Black 1%, Asian 1%, | 114 | 69 | 45 | |
| Jordre 2014 | USA, nd, RCT | Not reported | Age 18–88 years; minimum of 2 SUI episodes per month | Pregnant or < 4 weeks postpartum; MMSE < 24/30; history of total hip anthroplasty; current treatment for UI; current mediciations known to impact bladder function | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 41, mixed: 59 | 51.5 (12.8) | 30 | 27 | 3 | ||
| Kafri 2013 23160873 | Israel, nd, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | women, aged 45–75, experienced at least 3 episodes of UUI/week over the past 4 weeks; PFM contraction Oxford strength scale > = 2, no vaginal prolapse; residual urine volume < 100 ml | current UTI, neurological disease, psychiatric or depressive disorder, previous pelvic floor surgery or physical therapy | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 (episodes of UUI not completely explained by SUI symptoms) | 56.7 (8.0) | 164 | 135 | 29 | ||
| Kaya 2011 20943711 ND | Turkey, 2007–2008, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | OAB, diagnosis of idiopathic detrusor overactivity | neurological disorder, neoplasm, second degree or greater pelvic organ prolapse, type III stress urinary incontinence, pregnancy, any mental disorder interfering the patient’s cooperation during the treatment, use of a pacemaker or an intrauterine device, or previous medical, surgical treatment or physiotherapy for detrusor overactivity, contraindication to trospium chloride | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 100 | 47 (7.05) | 46 | 45 | 1 | ||
| Kaya 2015 25266357 | Turkey, 2012–2014, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Female; having symptoms of SUI, UUI, or MUI; age>18 years; being free of UI medications for at least 4 weeks before the start of the study; and sufficient literacy to complete required forms and urinary diaries. | Antenatal or postnatal women (up to 3 months after delivery), women who were unable to voluntarily contract their PFM, and women with persistent urinary tract infections, impaired mental state, pelvic organ prolapse (POP) past the vaginal introitus, neurological disorders, and who received concurrent or recent physiotherapy intervention (within the last year). | No (explicitly treatment naive) | Urge: 15, stress: 46, mixed: 39 | 48.7 (10.1) | 132 | 108 | 24 | ||
| Kim 2011 21545385 | Japan, 2006–2006, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | (i) suffering from urge, stress or mixed UI; (ii) being 70 years or older; and (iii) having urine loss episodes more than once a month. | (i) an unclear UI type;(ii) having urine loss episodes less than once a month;(iii) impaired mental health (a Mini-Mental StateExamination score of<24); 11, 12 and (iv) unstable cardiacconditions such as ventricular dysrhythmias, pulmo-nary edema or other musculoskeletal conditions. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 40, stress: 34, mixed: 26 | 76.0 (4.09) | 147 | 147 | 0 | ||
| Kim 2012 21849373 | Korea, nd, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | UI after childbirth; less than 6 weeks after normal vaginal delivery; involuntary loss of urine; no genitourinary disease or infection; no other treatment administered for urinary incontinence; no obstetrical operation history | nd | Yes (no other treatment administered for urinary incontinence) | Unclassified: 100 | 31.7 (2.7) | 20 | 18 | 2 | ||
| Klarskov 2014 24258099 | Denmark, 2010, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | 18–65 years, stress incontinence >3 months, stress predominant mixed urinary incontinence >3 months | significant neurological disease, trauma, prescription or non-prescription drug use affecting the lower urinary tract within 14 days of first treatment period, history of lower urinary tract or pelvic surgery or irradiation to the pelvis, anatomical anomaly of the urinary tract, urinary retention or outlet obstruction, catheter, bladder training in the last 3 months, hematuria, URI, drug therapy for overactive bladder | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 102 | 47.9 (8.4) | 22 | 18 | 4 | ||
| Leong 2015 25377297 | China, nd, RCT | Not reported | Chinese females aged > = 65 with a clinical diagnosis of SUI, UUI, or MUI of a mild to moderate severity | active urinary tract infection, patients on diuretic medication, presence of bladder pathology or dysfunction, previous anti-incontinence surgery, significant cognitive impairment, obesity, and use of concomitant treatments during the trial. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 16, stress: 51, mixed: 32 | 74.3 (4.6) | older women 70% | Asian 100% | 55 | 55 | 0 |
| Lian 2015 26054138 na | China, 2012–2014, RCT | Not reported | female, >40 yo, mild-to-moderate stress urinary incontinence, multipara (> = 1) | other types of UI, pregnancy, stroke, sever DM, spinal cord injury, UA showed hematuria or WBC, ICD | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 51.5 (8) | Asian 100% | 90 | 90 | 0 | |
| Lim 2017 27871927 | Malaysia, 2013–2015, RCT | Not reported | female, 21yo or older, SUI with cough, ICIQ-UI SF score 6 or more, ability to perform a 1 hour pad test. | other subtypes of UI, severe cardiac arrhythmia, pacemaker, neurological condition, pelvic radiation, prior SUI surgery, prior treatment with pulsed magnetic stimulation, certain medications, stage 3 or 4 prolapse, fistula, urethral sphincter defect, PVR > 200cc, pregnancy | No (explicitly treatment naive) | Stress: 100 | 120 | 120 | 0 | |||
| Liu 2017 28655016 | China, 2013–2015, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Sexually active, over the age of 18 yrs and with urinary incontinence attending for PFMT; greater than 25% on the urinary domain of the sexual function dimension, and/or greater than 33% for the degree of bother for the same symptom | prolapse, previous incontinence surgery, > = Grade 3 muscle strength, UTI, pacemaker, IUD, pregnant, undiagnosed pelvic pain, known sensitivity to electrodes or gel, infection of vulva or vagina, recent hemorrhage or hematoma, atrophic vaginitis | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 55.4 (8.4) | Asian 100% | 504 | 486 | 18 | |
| Lopès 2014 25444700 | France, nd, RCT | Not reported | Women with stress or mixed UI (composed predominantly of stress UI) who responded favorably to the initial 10–15 session rehabilitation. The response was defined at the same time by a clinical improvement based on the investigator’s criteria, and by a ICIQ score < = 12. | Patients who had given birth less than 6 months before, who had a pelvic surgery less than a year before, presented a disorder related to neurological disease or cognitional malformation, a urinary incontinence treated with surgically, or treated with medication in the last 6 months, a perineal hypoesthesia or local conditions that interfered with the use of a inter-vaginal probe. | Yes (100% physiotherapy. Didn’t have failure. This studies was just to maintain the improvement.) | Stress: 68, mixed: 32 (mixed with predominately stress UI) | 51.24 (13.7) [24, 84] | 161 | 149 | 12 | ||
| Lovatsis 2017 27438055 SURE study | Canada, 2011–2013, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | urodynamically proven SUI, SUI having moderate to severe impact on life | mixed incontinence where urgency incontinence was predominant symptom, vaginal prolapse, post-voidal residual volume > 100 ml, hematuria, undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, pregnancy, past surgery for incontinence or prolapse, use of incontinence pessary had failed, physical inability to perform activities included in pad test | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 51 (9.5) | 36 | 36 | 0 | ||
| Manonai 2015 25920290 | Thailand, 2012–2013, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | SUI diagnosed according to the International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction; leakage episode occurring more than once a week | Pregnancy; previous pelvic surgery for urology or gynecology in the past year; concomitant treatment for SUI during the trial period; neurological or psychiatric disease; urinary tract infection; any severe disease such as malignancy | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 47.8 (7.1) | 61 | 59 | 2 | ||
| Marencak 2011 20886571 | Czech Republic Lithuania Norway Slovakia Sweden United Kingdom, 2005–2006, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | women ≥18 years, urinary frequency ≥8 micturitions on aver per 24 hours, ≥4 episodes of urgency/week, mean voided volume <300ml in a 5 day bladder diary | OAB symtoms <6 months before randomization, significant stress urinary incontinence, UTI, chronic persistent urinary tract pathology, relevant neurologic disease associated with urinary symptoms, <3 bowel movements/week, cystocele or other clinically significant pelvic prolapse, mean total voided volume >3000 ml in 24 hours, postvoidal residual volume of >200 ml, previous bladder radiotherapy, catheterization or assistance required for toileting | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 (sudden and compelling desire to pass urine that is difficult to defer) | 52.9 (13.3) | 186 | 164 | 22 | ||
| McLean 2013 23861324 | Canada, nd, RCT | Not reported | Age > 18 years old; symptoms of SUI with or without urge incontinence, nocturia or anterior compartment prolapse | Fecal incontinence; on medications known to increase or alleviate incontinence; known neurological impairments involving the central nervous system or the sacral nerves or known connective tissue disorder | Not reported/unclear | Urnclassified: 100 | 51.7 (8.6) | 40 | 35 | 5 | ||
| McMichael 2013 REMOTE | U.S., 2011–2012, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Women who have moderate to severe urge, stress or mixed Urinary Incontinence | History of migraines, neurologic problems, swallowing disorder, stroke, severe depression, heart failure, peripheral edema, moderate to severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 | 54.4 [22, 92] | 67 | 67 | 0 | ||
| Michel 2013 22816871 DUROSA | Germany, 2005–2008, NRCS | Industry funded/industry provided materials | moderate to severe stress urinary incontinence symptoms, 18 years and older | planned SUI surgery during observation period | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 59.4 (12.5) | 12733 | 11733 | 1000 | ||
| Oldham 2013 23023996 | UK, nd, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Women (18–65 years of age) with self-reported stress, urge, or mixed incontinence | Pregnancy or a baby in the last 3 months. Recent abdominal surgery and previous or current active therapy for pelvic malignancy.? Implanted pacemaker.? Manual dexterity insufficient to place the device. Previous treatment for incontinence.? Presence of a neurological condition such as MS or Parkinson’s disease. | No (explicitly treatment naive) | Urge: 11, stress: 28, mixed: 61 | 48.1 (8.7) [18, 65] | 124 | 95 | 29 | ||
| Carmona 2013 | Spain, NR, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | UUI, men or women (only report on women), older than 45 younger than 75, conservative treatment had failed, symptoms for at least a year. | nerve damage, prior surgery for incontinence, pace maker, heart problems, current pregnancy, cognitive deficits, skin problems | Yes (conservative treatments had failed) | Urge: 100 | 60 (14.4) | 24 | 22 | 2 | ||
| Ong 2015 26142713 | Malaysia, 2011–2013, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Female suffering predominantly from SUI | Previous incontinence surgery; concomitant medical treatment for urinary incontinence, UTI, neurologic or psychiatric disease | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 100 (says SUI is inclusion, but urge is accepted and there is no numeric breakdown of these participants) | 51.9 (12.7) | Asian 100% | 40 | 37 | 3 | |
| Oresković 2012 22816227 ND | Croatia, Slovenia, ND, RCT | Not reported | Urge incontinence, frequency of micturition (at least 8 voids per 24 hours) and urgency (a strong desire to void at least once per day). | Contraindications for the use of antimuscarinic drugs (e.g. uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma, urinaryor gastric retention), stress urinary incontinence (more than one episode per week), bladder outlet obstruction and /or a post-void residual volume more than 200 mL, genitourinary condition that could cause urinary symptoms, recent urogenital surgery or hepatic disease. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 | 56.9 (10.1) | 171 | 157 | 14 | ||
| Orri 2014 24792229 REMOTE | U.S., 2011–2012, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Female age > = 21 years with overactive bladder symptoms (subject-reported) for at least 3 months | Clinically significant hepatic, renal or neurological condition such as stroke (with residual deficit), multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, or Parkinson’s disease. History of cystitis, continence, urogenitalcancer or radiation Subjects who are pregnant, nursing, or with a positive urine pregnancy test or who are intending to become pregnant within 28 days after the completion of the trial. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 | 47.7 [28, 66] | white 72%, black 17%, Hispanic 11%, | 18 | 16 | 2 | |
| Özlü 2017 28345778 | Turkey, 2012–2014, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Women > = 18 with urodynamically confirmed diagnoses of SUI of mild to moderate severity. The strength of PFM 3/5 and more | Pregnancy; Current vulvovaginitis or urinary tract infections or malignancy; Previous surgery for stress incontinence; Anatomic structural disorders of genitoanal region; Neurologic or psychiatric disease; Previous conservative therapy within 6 months; More than stage 2 according to the pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) 17; Allergy to condom or lubricant gel that is used with perineometer/probe | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 42.4 (8.2) | 53 | 51 | 2 | ||
| Pereira 2011 21962461 | Brazil, 2008–2009, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Age >18 years; urinary leakage on stress; have not undergone physical therapy for UI before | nd | Yes (physical therapy naïve) | Stress: 100 | 60.8 (10.5) | 49 | 45 | 4 | ||
| Pereira 2012 22840592 | Brazil, 2010–2011, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | This study included women over the age of 60 years, with at least one episode of stress urine leakage during the previous month. | UUI or MUI, Exclusion criteria also included previous treatment for UI or hormone therapy, ongoing urinary tract infections, cognitive or neurological disorder, uncontrolled hypertension, inability to perform the proposed procedures, or use of pacemaker implantation or metal rods. | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 68.6 (10.9) | older women 70% | 14 | 14 | 0 | |
| Pereira 2013 22674639 ND | Brazil, 2009–2011, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | post-menopausal women (defined as absence of vaginal bleeding for 12 months), with at least one episode of SUI symptom during the previous month, reported loss of urine with physical activities such as coughing, sneezing, running | Women with urge incontinence symptoms, pelvic organ prolapse greater than grade II on Baden–Walker classification system, previous treatment for UI or hormone therapy, ongoing urinary tract infections, cognitive or neurological disorder, inability to perform the proposed procedure, uncontrolled hypertension | No (explicitly treatment naive) | Stress: 100 | 63 [51–85] | 45 | 41 | 4 | ||
| Peters 2013 26663447 | U.S., 2009–2010, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | females over the age of 18 who had an SNM implant with a tined lead located at S3 for at least 3 months. All study subjects had a baseline diagnosis of UF and any amount of UI over the voiding diary-reporting period | history of neurological disorders, diabetes unless it was well-controlled through diet and/or medications, or a primary diagnosis of stress incontinence, pelvic pain, or interstitial cystitis | Yes (refractory to conventional therapy, including antimuscarinic medications) | Urge: 100 | 60.9 (6.1) | 13 | 12 | 1 | ||
| Porta-Roda 2015 25130167 | Spain, 2011, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | women aged 35–60 years of age with SUI or MUI, who had delivered vaginally at least once and had not previously performed pelvic floor exercises | (1) were taking any medication that could interfere in urine retention; (2) had severe pelvic organ prolapse; (3) were obese; (4) showed suspicion of complicated urinary incontinence; (5) were pregnant or in a post-partum period of under 6 months; or (6) had participated in another clinical trial in the previous 30 days | Not reported/unclear | Mixed: 100 | 70 | 65 | 5 | |||
| Price 2015 26506165 | U.S., nd, | Not reported | newly implanted with InterStim, have undergone a successful implantation and test period for Interstim | previous InterStim implantation, no InterStim device | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 100 | 64.6 (11.6) | 42 | 32 | 10 | ||
| Robinson 2011 21831512 | UK, 2006–2007, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Women aged 18–75 with symptomatic SUI who had a positive cough stress test and USI diagnosed by urodynamic evaluation within 36 months of screening; SUI episode frequency ?7-?21 per week | history of cardiac disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, recurrent urinary tract infection, significant (>grade 1) cystocele and previous pelvic surgery | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 49 [34, 66] | 14 | 12 | 2 | ||
| Rovner 2011 21351127 ND | U.S., Canada, UK, 2005–2008, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Symptoms of idiopathic OAB with UUI for at least 6 months At least 8 UUI episodes/week (with no more than 1 incontinence-free day/week); Urinary frequency (defined as an average of at least 8 micturitions/day) At least 1 anti-cholinergic drug had failed. | Stress-predominant urinary incontinence Use of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) History or evidence of pelvic or urologic abnormalities or diseases affecting bladder function Patients who had been treated for at least 2 urinary tract infections within 6 months 24-hr total urine volume voided>3,000 ml or post-void residual (PVR) urine volume>200 ml at screening | Yes (anticholinergics) | Urge: 100 | 58.8 (13.5) [18] | older women 70% | white 88.8%, black 7.3% | 313 | 272 | 41 |
| Rovner 2013 23796570 | U.S., nd, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | female subjects > = 18 with SUI symptoms (demonstrated either urodynamically or by cough test) | Pregnant, Bladder infection, History of recurrent UTIs, intrinsic sphincter deficiency, artificial urinary sphincter or surgical procedure for incontinence during the past 6 months,? Cystocele with bladder descent below mid-vagina during straining,? Undergoing or anticipating a course of pelvic radiation therapy,? Severe pelvic fibrosis from previous radiation therapy,? Urosepsis within previous 30 days,? Presence of gross hematuria and/or blood clots in the urine | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 52.6 (11.3) | Athletes 13.9% | 166 | 115 | 51 | |
| Rutledge 2014 24183730 | U.S., nd, RCT | Not reported | Age > 30 years old; history of uterine, cervical, ovarian, or vulvar cancer; attended the gynecologic oncology clinics for routine surveillance visits; any degree of urinary incontinence | nd | Some (10% PFMT prior incontinence treatment; 20% control prior incontinence treatment) | Stress: 70, mixed: 25 | 57 (7.2) [37, 79] | white 62.5%, black 2.5%, Hispanic 25% | 40 | 36 | 4 | |
| Samuelsson 2017 | Sweden, 2013–2014, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | women > = 18 with stress urinary incontinence, leakage once a week or more often for at least 6 months with a smartphone | participation in our previous internet study, pregnancy, former incontinence surgery, known malignancy in lower abdomen, difficulties with passing urine, visual blood in urine, intermenstrual bleeding, severe psychiatric diagnosis, neurological disease with affection on sensibility in legs or lower abdomen, urge incontinence | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 44.7 (9.4) | 123 | 121 | 2 | ||
| Sand 2012 21963104 | U.S., 2006–2007, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | 18 years of age or older, female, 8 or more urinary and 4 or more urge incontinence episodes per day, non-pregnant, non-lactating | treatable conditions that may cause urinary incontinence, medical conditions in which it would be unsafe to use an anti-cholinergic agent, use of concomitant drugs that would confound the efficacy evaluation, use of concomitant drugs that would be unsafe with anti-cholinergic agents. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 100 | 59.1 (12.3) | white 86.6%, black 10.9%, Asian 1.4% | 704 | 704 | 75 | |
| Sherburn 2011 21284022 | Australia, 2003–2005, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Community dwelling women aged > 65 with urodynamic stress incontinence; no detrusor overactivity demonstrated on cystometry (<10 cmH2 O detrusor pressure rise); a score of more than 22 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) | Concurrent or recent physiotherapy intervention (within last 6 months); incontinence due to neurological causes, other causes such as urinary tract infection, or voiding difficulties | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 71.8 (5.3) | older women 70% | white 100% | 83 | 76 | 7 |
| Sokol 2014 24704117 | U.S., Canada, 2008–2011, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Not stated “women who met study eligibility criteria were randomized” | allergy to bovine collagen | Not reported/unclear | Unclassified: 100 | median 58.5 [23.3–93.4] | 345 | 303 | 42 | ||
| Solberg 2016 26362793 | Norway, 2012, RCT | Industry funded/industry provided materials | Age > 18 years; MUI | Pregnant or planning to become pregnant; given birth within 12 months before onset of study; using medication for incontinence; undergone surgery for incontinence | Not reported/unclear | Mixed: 100 | median 62.5 [29, 87] | 34 | 20 | 10 | ||
| Sran 2016 26886884 ND | Canada, 2006–2011, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | postmenopausal women 55 years and older with osteoporosis or low bone density, defined by a T score of −2.0 or lower for the lumbar spine or hip, or a history of a nontraumatic hip, vertebral, wrist, or rib fracture; symptoms of stress, urge, or mixed UI for at least the past 3 months and at least two UI episodes in 3 days | previous treatments or workshops on incontinence in the past 5 years; previous UI surgeries (except for those who had had anti-incontinence surgery at least 20 y previously); fecal incontinence; continuous urine leakage; a current urinary tract infection;perineal pain or genital prolapse likely to interfere with the PFM assessment and treatment; previous pelvic irradiation; hormone therapy, use of vaginal estrogen, or an unstable hormone dose within the previous 6 months; use of concomitant treatments for UI during the trial period; severe mobility impairments requiring the use of mobility aids (that would make going to the toilet difficult); use of high-dose diuretics or medications to improve bladder control; history of radiation for pelvic organ cancers; score of less than 24 on the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE); any other medical problem likely to interfere with treatment and evaluation (serious cardiovascular disease, ongoing cancer treatments, neurological conditions, psychiatric conditions); and individuals performing a Valsalva manoeuvre in lieu of PFM contraction | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 17, stress: 13, mixed: 71 | 66.7 (7.6) | 48 | 48 | 5 | ||
| Talley 2017 28248418 ND | U.S., 2012–2015, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | UI (score of ≥1 points on the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ)), 13 being frail (score of ≥3 points on the Vulnerable Elders Survey), gait speed less than 0.8 m/s15 or using a walking assistive device, being able to participate safely in low intensity physical activity, being cognitively intact according to Mini-Cog score | UI associated with a central nervous system disorder, bladder cancer, recent bladder or incontinence surgery, or terminal illness, or if they had an ostomy, used a pessary or urinary catheter, started or changed the dose of an antiincontinence medication within 3 months, or had orthopedic surgery on the lower extremities or spine in the past year. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 22, stress: 14, mixed: 62 | 84.9 (6.4) | white 98% | 42 | 42 | 0 | |
| Tannenbaum 2013 24334159 | UK, 2010–2012, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | women aged 60 years and older who reported urinary incontinence at least once weekly and who were not under active treatment for incontinence. | none | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 30, stress: 19, mixed: 46, unclassified: 5 | 71.6 (7.5) | older women 70% | 123 | 103 | 20 | |
| Terlikowski 2013 23443345 | poland, 2008–2012, RCT | Not reported | exclusion factors were patients with chronic degenerative diseases that would affect muscular and nerve tissues, presence of any degree of pelvic organ prolapse (POP), active or recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI), vulvovaginitis, atrophic vaginitis, diabetes mellitus, neurological disease, psychiatric illness, use of medication affecting micturition, history of surgical or pharmaceutical treatment of SUI, chronic debilitating disease such as renal failure, and those with cardiac pacemakers. We also excluded patients with intrinsic sphincteric deficiencies identified by the Valsalva leak-point pressure ≤60 cmH20 measurement in the sitting position with a volume of 250 ml in the bladder and/or a urethral closure pressure ≤20 cmH20 in the sitting position at maximum cystometric capacity. | Some (they could not have had prior pharmacologic or surgical treatment for SUI) | Stress: 100 (urodynamic SUI) | 46.9 (6.8) | 102 | 93 | 9 | |||
| Tsai 2014 25073008 | Taipei, 2010–2012, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | (1) a diagnosis of SUI, with or without detrusor overactivity, confirmed by urodynamic results; (2) an SUI history of at least 6 months, which remained refractory after at least 1 month of first-line management; (3) no history of surgery or hormone replacement therapy for SUI; (4) an absence of severe pelvic prolapse (>grade 3 prolapse or Qmax<15mL/s); and (5) no contraindication for SMS, such as a pacemaker or metallic device. No patients received anticholinergic medication in the 2 weeks before participation or during the follow-up period. | Yes (at least one month of first line therapy had to have failed) | Stress: 71, mixed: 29 | 63.3 (14.4) | 40 | 30 | 10 | |||
| Visco 2012 23036134 ABC | U.S., 2010–2012, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | women > = 5 UUI episodes/day | previously received anticholinergic drugs or up to two anticholinergic medications other than solifenacin, darifenacin, or trospium chloride; residual urine volume of > = 150 ml; previous therapy for urgency urinary incontinence with onabotulinumtoxinA | Some 59% prior anticholinergic therapy | Urge: 100, mixed: ND (some had mixed, but % not specified) | 58 (11.3) | white 78.5%, black 16.6% | 249 | 231 | 18 | |
| Wallis 2012 21817123 | Australia, 2004–2005, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | 60 or older, experience stress, urge, or MUI at least once a week for the past 6 months | implanted electronic device, symptomatic UTI int eh past 4 weeks, pelvic surgery in the prior 3 months. | Not reported/unclear | Urge: 37, stress: 12, mixed: 51 | 70.1 (6.8) | older women 70% | 122 | 101 | 21 | |
| Wang 2016 26921645 | China, 2013–2013, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | SUI history, positive stress test, urodynamically confirmed SUI, post void residual <50cc | UUI, MUI, neurogenic bladder | Not reported/unclear | Stress: 100 | 56.9 (11.4) | 42 | 42 | 0 | ||
| Wang 2017 28153510 | china, 2014–2016, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | 18 or older, UUI or urge predominant MUI >60 months, >1 UUI episode/week, 2 anticholinergics had to have failed | SUI, MUI that is stress predominant, pelvic, neurological or urological abnormalities or dz that may affect bladder function including UTI, significant prolapse, stroke or spinal cord injury. | Yes (anticholinergics) | Urge: 100 (idiopathic) | Asian 100% | 120 | 120 | 5 | ||
| Wiegersma 2014 25533442 | Netherlands, 2009, 2012, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Women aged 55 years or over with symptomatic mild pelvic organ prolapse. | Current prolapse treatment or treatment in the previous year, pelvic organ malignancy, current treatment for another gynaecological disorder, severe/terminal illness, impaired mobility, cognitive impairment, and insufficient command of the Dutch language. | No (explicitly treatment naive) | Unclassified: 100 | 64.25 (6.66) | older women 70% | 287 | 239 | 45 | |
| Xu 2016 26960195 | China, 2012–2014, RCT | Explicitly not industry funded | Eligible women were aged 40 to 75 years, and met diagnosis of SUI by the International Consultation on Urological Diseases | other type of UI; symptomatic urinary tract infection; ever received UI or pelvic surgery; severe pelvic organ prolapse; residual urinary volume >30 ml; maximum flow rate? 20 ml/s; limited in walking, stairs climbing and running; receiving specialized treatment for SUI or use of medicine affecting bladder function; serious cardiovascular, cerebral, liver, kidney, or psychiatric disease, diabetes, multiple system atrophy, injury of cauda equina, or myeleterosis; pregnant or breastfeeding; with cardiac pacemaker, metal allergy or severe needle phobia | Yes (Ever received SUI treatment) | Stress: 100 | 58.5 (8.2) | 80 | 77 | 3 | ||
| Yamanishi 2017 28961380 | Japan, nd, RCT | Not reported | Women with urodynamic SUI refractory to PFMT for more than 12 weeks and who did not want to undergo surgery | UUI, complications after pelvic surgery or trauma, pacemaker, malignancy, residual urine volume ≥200 mL, pregnant | Yes (PFMT) | Stress 100 | nd | 39 | 9 | 30 | ||
From: Appendix C, Design, Arm Details, and Baselines
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