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Balk E, Adam GP, Kimmel H, et al. Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review Update [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 Aug. (Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 212.)
Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].
Show detailsTable E-1Baseline data for all quality of life studies
| Author, Year, Study ID* | Interventions | N | UI Type (%) | Age, mean (SD) [range] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aksac 2003 12867764 | PFMT vs. control | 50 | Stress: 100 | ND |
| Amundsen 2016 27701661 | Onabotulinum toxin A vs. InterStim | 364 | Urgency: 100 | 63 (11.6) |
| Baker 2014 24763155 | Yoga vs. MBSR | 21 | Urgency: 100 | median 58 [22, 79] |
| Bertotto 2017 28508398 | PFMT + biofeedback vs. PFMT vs. control | 45 | Stress: 100 | 58.3 (5.8) |
| Bo 1999 10024253 | TENS vs. PFMT vs. PFMT + weights vs. control | 107 | Stress: 100 | 49.5 (10) |
| Borello-France 2006 16813477 | PFMT + biofeedback vs. PFMT + biofeedback | 44 | Stress: 100 | 52.6 (8.5) |
| Burgio 2001 11192337 | Oxybutynin vs. control | 197 | Urgency: 100 | 67.5 [55, 92] |
| Burgio 2002 12425706 | PFMT vs. PFMT + biofeedback | 222 | Urgency: 100 | 65.4 (7.7) [55, 92] |
| But 2012 23390832 | Solifenacin vs. darifenacin | 61 | Urgency: 100 | median 54 (IQR 11.5) |
| Cammu 1998 9550207 | PFMT + biofeedback vs. PFMT + weights | 60 | Stress: 100 | 56.2 (10.2) |
| Cardozo 2010 19929591 | Duloxetine vs. control | 2393 | Stress: 100 | 55 |
| Carmona 2013 no PMID | Electroacupuncture vs. control | 22 | Urgency: 100 | 60 (14.4) |
| Carrión Pérez 2015 25087210 | PFMT vs. PFMT + biofeedback | 16 | Stress: 100 | median 49 [47, 56] |
| Castellani 2015 26043913 | TENS + PFMT + biofeedback + vaginal estrogen vs. TENS + PFMT + biofeedback | 69 | Stress: 100 | 60 (14.4) |
| Castro 2008 18719756 | TENS vs. PFMT vs. PFMT + weights vs. control | 101 | Stress: 100 | 54.2 (12.1) |
| Chughtai 2016 26883688 | Fesoterodine + vaginal estrogen vs. fesoterodine | 18 | Urgency: 100 | 55.4 [40.7, 66.6] |
| Cornu 2012 22588140 | Bladder support vs. control | 41 | Stress: 100 | 58.6 (13.6) [29, 88] |
| Correia 2014 24382548 | TENS vs. control | 45 | Stress: 100 | 60.13 (9.35) |
| de Oliveira Carmargo 2009 19690792 | PFMT (group) vs. PFMT (individual) | 60 | Stress: 100 | 51 (9.2) |
| de Souza Abreu 2017 28346721 | PFMT vs. bladder training | 33 | Stress: 100 | 64 (11.9) |
| Dede 2013 23086134 | Tolterodine vs. trospium vs. oxybutynin | 90 | Urgency: 56 Mixed: 44 | 51.83 (10.52) |
| Delgado 2013 23640005 | PFMT (with device) vs. PFMT | 40 | Unclassified: 100 | 49.6 [36, 68] |
| Dmochowski 2002 1213131† | Oxybutynin vs. control | 411 | Unclassified: 100 | 61.4 |
| Du Moulin 2013 23554139 | TENS + PFMT vs. PFMT | 35 | Stress: 100 | median 36 [33, 39] |
| Ferreira 2012 | PFMT (supervised) vs. PFMT (unsupervised) | 34 | Stress: 100 | 52.3 (9.1) |
| Fitz 2012 23288261 | PFMT vs. PFMT + biofeedback | 32 | Stress: 100 | 58.1 (9.3) |
| Fitz 2017 28169458 | PFMT vs. PFMT + biofeedback | 49 | Stress: 100 | 56.4 (11.3) |
| Galea 2013 | PFMT vs. PFMT + biofeedback | 22 | Urgency: 65 Stress: 9 Mixed: 26 | 73.5 (9) [61, 86] |
| Ghaderi 2016 27059833 | TENS + PFMT vs. PFMT | 60 | Stress: 100 | 52.9 (1.1) |
| Ghoniem 2009 19013613 | Macroplastique vs. control | 247 | Stress: 100 | 61 (12) |
| Golmakani 2014 24498480 | PFMT + weights vs. bladder training | 51 | Stress: 100 | 45.5 (4.6) [25, 65] |
| Gozukara 2014 24711149 | Education + weight loss vs. education | 321 | Urgency: 23 Stress: 40 Mixed: 37 | 43.8 (9.7) |
| Hirakawa 2013 23306768 | PFMT vs. PFMT + biofeedback | 39 | Stress: 100 | 56.8 (10.6) |
| Huang 2012 22542122 | Fesoterodine vs. control | 604 | Urgency: 100 | 56 (14) |
| Huang 2014 24763156 | Yoga vs. MBSR | 18 | Urgency: 63 Stress: 37 | 61.4 (8.2) |
| Huebner 2011 20848671 | TENS + PFMT + biofeedback vs. PFMT + biofeedback | 88 | Stress: 100 | 49.8 (12.9) |
| Hung 2010 20185357 | PFMT vs. control | 64 | Urgency: 56.3 Stress: 43.7 | 48.8 (6.4) |
| Jabs 2013 23343798 | Onabotulinum toxin A vs. control | 21 | Urgency: 100 | 63.4 (10.3) |
| Jeyaseelan 2000 11128739 | Electrostimulation vs. control | 24 | Stress: 100 | ND |
| Jha 2017 28801034 | PFMT vs. PFMT + electrical stimulation | 69 | Unclassified: 100 | 45.6 (9.5) |
| Jordre 2014 | PFMT vs. education | 27 | Stress: 41 Mixed: 59 | 51.5 (12.8) |
| Kafri 2013 23160873 | Tolterodine vs. bladder training vs. PFMT vs. PFMT + bladder training | 164 | Urgency: 100 | 56.7 (8.0) |
| Kaya 2015 25266357 | PFMT vs. PFMT + bladder training | 108 | Urgency: 15 Stress: 46 Mixed: 39 | 48.7 (10.1) |
| Kim 2012 21849373 | PFMT (supervised) vs. PFMT (unsupervised) | 18 | Unclassified: 100 | 31.7 (2.7) |
| Kumari 2008 18755458 | PFMT + bladder training vs. control | 198 | Unclassified: 100 | 44.7 (13) |
| Lagro-Janssen 1991 1807303 | PFMT + bladder training vs. control | 66 | Stress: 100 | 45 (9) |
| Lamb 2009 19751517 | PFMT + bladder training vs. PFMT + bladder support | 174 | Unclassified: 100 | 51.3 (12) |
| Leong 2015 25377297 | PFMT + bladder training + education vs. education | 55 | Urgency: 16 Stress: 51 Mixed: 32 | 74.3 (4.6) |
| Liebergall-Wischnitzer 2005 15660184 | PFMT (Paula) vs. PFMT | 59 | Unclassified: 100 | [20, 65] |
| Liebergall-Wischnitzer 2009 19281321 | PFMT (Paula) vs. PFMT | 245 | Stress: 100 | 47.6 (8.4) |
| Lim 2017 27871927 | Magnetic stimulation vs. control | 120 | Stress: 100 | ND |
| Lopès 2014 25444700 | TENS vs. control | 149 | Stress: 100 | 51.24 (13.7) [24, 84] |
| Manganotti 2007 17259914 | Magnetic stimulation vs. control | 20 | Stress: 100 | 50.1 (2.9) |
| Manonai 2015 25920290 | PFMT vs. PFMT + biofeedback | 59 | Stress: 100 | 47.8 (7.1) |
| Marencak 2011 20886571 | Pregabalin + tolterodine vs. pregabalin vs. tolterodine | 164 | Urgency: 100 | 52.9 (13.3) |
| McFall 2000 11067699 | PFMT + bladder training vs. control | 145 | Unclassified: 100 | 75 (6) |
| McLean 2013 23861324 | PFMT vs. control | 35 | Stress: 100 | 51.7 (8.6) |
| Michel 2013 22816871 | Duloxetine vs. current treatment | 6844 | Stress: 100 | 59 (13) |
| Moore 2003 12842055 | Bladder training + PFMT vs. PFMT | 145 | Urgency: 11.6 Stress: 65.5 Mixed: 22.8 | 60 [46, 71] |
| Ng 2008 18004495 | PFMT (supervised) vs. PFMT (unsupervised) | 88 | Mixed: 100 | 53 (14) [24, 87] |
| Oresković 2012 22816227 | Solifenacin vs. control | 157 | Urgency: 100 | 56.9 (10.1) |
| Orri 2014 24792229 REMOTE | Tolterodine vs. control | 16 | Urgency: 100 | 47.7 [28, 66] |
| Ozlu 2017 28345778 | PFMT vs. PFMT + biofeedback | 51 | Stress: 100 | 42.4 (8.2) |
| Pereira 2011 21962461 | PFMT vs. control | 45 | Stress: 100 | 60.8 (10.5) |
| Pereira 2012 22840592 | TENS vs. control | 14 | Stress: 100 | 68.6 (10.9) |
| Pereira 2013 22674639 | PFMT vs. PFMT + weights vs. control | 41 | Stress: 100 | 63 [51, 85] |
| Peters 2009 19616802† | Electroacupuncture vs. tolterodine | 67 | Urgency: 100 | 58 |
| Porta-Roda 2015 25130167 | PFMT vs. PFMT + weights | 65 | Mixed: 100 | [35, 60] |
| Price 2015 26506165 | InterStim vs. InterStim | 32 | Urgency: 100 | 64.6 (11.6) |
| Rogers 2009 19601704 | Tolterodine vs. control | 372 | Unclassified: 100 | 48 (12) |
| Rovner 2011 21351127 | Onabotulinum toxin A vs. control | 272 | Urgency: 100 | 58.8 (13.5) [18] |
| Rovner 2013 23796570 | Intravesical pressure release vs. control | 115 | Stress: 100 | 52.6 (11.3) |
| Samuelsson 2017 | PFMT vs. control | 121 | Stress: 100 | 44.7 (9.4) |
| Sand 2012 21963104 | Oxybutynin vs. control | 704 | Urgency: 100 | 59.1 (12.3) |
| Schreiner 2010 20458465 | TENS + bladder training vs. bladder training | 52 | Urgency: 23.5 Mixed: 76.5 | 68.3 (5.3) |
| Seo 2004 15515199 | PFMT + biofeedback vs. PFMT + weights vs. PFMT | 120 | Stress: 100 | 43.6 (11.7) |
| Solberg 2016 26362793 | Acupuncture vs. PFMT vs. control | 20 | Mixed: 100 | median 62.5 [29, 87] |
| Sran 2016 26886884 | PFMT vs. control | 48 | Urgency: 17 Stress: 13 Mixed: 70 | 66.7 (7.6) |
| Subak 2005 15947625 | Education + weight loss vs. control | 40 | Urgency: 12 Stress: 12 Mixed: 76 | median 52 [IQR 47, 59] |
| Sung 2000 10817026 | PFMT + biofeedback vs. PFMT | 90 | Stress: 100 | median 50 |
| Sung 2000 10895973 | PFMT + biofeedback vs. PFMT | 60 | Stress: 100 | ND |
| Talley 2017 28248418 | PFMT vs. control | 42 | Urgency: 22 Stress: 14 Mixed: 62 Unclassified: 2 | 84.9 (6.4) |
| Terlikowski 2013 23443345 | TENS vs. control | 93 | Stress: 100 | 46.9 (6.8) |
| Tibaek 2007 16673051 | PFMT vs. control | 24 | Unclassified: 100 | median 60 [IQR 56, 74] |
| Tsai 2014 25073008 | Magnetic stimulation vs. control | 30 | Stress: 71 Mixed: 29 | 63.3 (14.4) |
| Visco 2012 23036134 ABC | Solifenacin vs. onabotulinum toxin A | 231 | Urgency: 100 | 58 (11.3) |
| Wallis 2012 21817123 | Magnetic stimulation vs. control | 101 | Urgency: 37 Stress: 12 Mixed: 51 | 70.1 (6.8) |
| Wang 2016 26921645 | TENS + PFMT vs. PFMT | 42 | Stress: 100 | 56.9 (11.4) |
| Wiegersma 2014 25533442 | PFMT vs. control | 239 | Unclassified: 100 | 64.25 (6.66) |
| Williams 2006 17034605 | PFMT vs. PFMT + weights vs. control | 238 | Stress: 69.7 Mixed 30.3 | 56.9 (9.6) |
| Wyman 1997 9449301 | Bladder training vs. control | 131 | Urgency: 28.5 Stress: 71.5 | 67 (9) |
| Wyman 1998 9790388 | PFMT + biofeedback + bladder training vs. PFMT + biofeedback vs. PFMT vs. bladder training | 204 | Urgency: 30 Stress: 70 | 61 (10) |
| Xu 2016 26960195 | Electroacupuncture vs. control | 77 | Stress: 100 | 58.5 (8.2) |
| Yamanishi 2017 28961380 | Magnetic stimulation vs. control | 30 | Stress: 100 | ND |
| Zanetti 2007 18094892 | PFMT (supervised) vs. PFMT (unsupervised) | 44 | Stress: 100 | median 55 |
| Zellner 2009 20109997† | Trospium vs. oxybutynin | 1658 | Urgency: 100 | 61.6 (12) [20, 91] |
Abbreviations: IQR = interquartile range, MBSR = mindfulness-based stress reduction, ND = no data, PFMT = pelvic floor muscle therapy, SD = standard deviation, TENS = transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (including transvaginal, surface, and related electric stimulation).
- *
Study ID is the PubMed or other database unique identifier.
- †
Sample includes up to 10% men.
Table E-2Quality of life comparisons summary findings (statistically significant or nonsignificant)
| KQ delineation | Comparison | QoL category | QoL scale(s) | n(N) | Sig (Favor)* | NS† | Accession number‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral v Placebo | bladder support v Sham | bother | CONTILIFE total, overall QOL, self-image | 1 (46) | 1 (Bladder support) | 0 | 22588140 |
| daily activities | CONTILIFE effort, daily activities | 1 (46) | 0 | 1 | 22588140 | ||
| mental health | CONTILIFE emotional consequences | 1 (46) | 1 (Bladder support) | 0 | 22588140 | ||
| sexual health | CONTILIFE Sexuality | 1 (46) | 0 | 1 | 22588140 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | Bladder training, PFMT v Bladder training | daily activities | IIQ-7 | 1 (108) | 1 (bladder training, PFMT) | 0 | 25266357 |
| distress | UDI-6 | 1 (108) | 1 (bladder training, PFMT) | 0 | 25266357 | ||
| Behavioral v Placebo | bladder training, PFMT v Sham | bother | Self reported Bothersomeness of urinary incontinence | 1 (108) | 0 | 1 | 11067699 |
| Behavioral v Behavioral | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback v bladder training | daily activities | IIQ-R | 1 (135) | 1 (bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback) | 0 | 9790388 |
| distress | UDI | 1 (135) | 1 (bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback) | 0 | 9790388 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback v PFMT, biofeedback | daily activities | IIQ-R | 1 (136) | 0 | 1 | 9790388 |
| distress | UDI | 1 (136) | 1 (bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback) | 0 | 9790388 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | education, bladder training, PFMT v education, bladder training, PFMT | mental health | IQOL | 1 (174) | 0 | 1 | 19751517 |
| Behavioral v Placebo | education, bladder training, PFMT v Sham | bother | Global Severity | 1 (103) | 0 | 1 | 11192337 |
| daily activities | IIQ, physical, social, interpersonal sensitivity, self-reported QoL, UDI, Eq-5D | 3 (279) | 1 (education, bladder training, PFMT) | 2 | 18030102; 11192337; 9449301 | ||
| distress | UDI | 1 (45) | 0 | 1 | 18030102 | ||
| general health | EQ-5D | 1 (45) | 0 | 1 | 18030102 | ||
| mental health | embarassment, emotional, IQOL, Anxiety, Depression, Hostility, obsessive-compulsive, paranoid ideation, phobia, psychoticism | 2 (148) | 0 | 1 | 18030102; 11192337 | ||
| pain | pain/discomfort | 1 (45) | 0 | 1 | 18030102 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | Education, PFMT v PFMT | daily activities | Change from baseline in quality of life-avoidance, limiting behaviors scores (8 items), Change from baseline in quality of life-avoidance, social embarrassment scores (5 items) | 1 (63) | 0 | 1 | 15660184 |
| mental health | IQOL | 1 (63) | 0 | 1 | 15660184 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | education, PFMT, bladder training v Education | daily activities | IIQ | 1 (55) | 1 (education, PFMT, bladder training) | 0 | 25377297 |
| Behavioral v Behavioral | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS v bladder training, PFMT | daily activities | IIQ | 1 (145) | 0 | 1 | 12842055 |
| Behavioral v Behavioral | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS v education, bladder training | daily activities | IIQ-7 | 1 (145) | 1 (education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS) | 0 | 12842055 |
| distress | UDI | 1 (145) | 1 (education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS) | 0 | 12842055 | ||
| Behavioral & Neuromodulation v Behavioral | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS v PFMT | daily activities | Urinary incontinence does not restrict daily activities | 1 (118) | 1 (education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS) | 0 | 12425706 |
| Behavioral v Behavioral | education, weight loss v Education | distress | UDI-6 | 1 (163) | 1 (education) | 0 | 24711149 |
| sexual health | difficulty with sexual activity, frequency of sexual activity, level of sexual desire, overall sexual satisfaction, urine leakage during sex | 1 (338) | 0 | 1 | 19296980 | ||
| Behavioral v Placebo | education, weight loss v Sham | daily activities | IIQ score | 1 (48) | 1 (education, weight loss) | 0 | 15947625 |
| distress | UDI score | 1 (48) | 1 (education, weight loss) | 0 | 15947625 | ||
| general health | SF-36 physical component | 1 (48) | 1 (education, weight loss) | 0 | 15947625 | ||
| mental health | SF-36 mental component score | 1 (48) | 1 (education, weight loss) | 0 | 15947625 | ||
| Behavioral v Placebo | Electroaccupunture v Sham | bother | ICIQ-SF, B-SAQ | 2 (102) | 1 (electroaccupunture) | 1 | 26960195; 122951 (no PMID) |
| Other v Placebo | Inravessical pressure release device v Sham | mental health | IQOL | 1 (115) | 0 | 1 | 23796570 |
| Neuromodulation v Placebo | Magnetic stimulation v Sham | bother | OAB-q, ICIQ-UI-SF, ICIQ-LUTSqol, SEAPI-QMM | 3 (114) | 2 (magnetic stimulation) | 1 | 25073008; 27871927; 17259914 |
| daily activities | BFLUTS, social limitation, IIQ, personal relationships | 2 (121) | 1 (magnetic stimulation) | 1 | 21817123; 17259914 | ||
| general health | general health | 1 (20) | 0 | 1 | 17259914 | ||
| mental health | emotions | 1 (20) | 0 | 1 | 17259914 | ||
| sleep/energy | sleep/energy | 1 (20) | 0 | 1 | 17259914 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | MBSR (mindfulness based stress reduction) v Yoga | bother | OABq-SF | 1 (30) | 0 | 1 | 24763155 |
| general health | HRQL | 1 (30) | 0 | 1 | 24763155 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) v Bladder training | mental health | IQOL | 1 (81) | 0 | 1 | 23160873 |
| Behavioral v Behavioral | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) v Educatoin | daily activities | IIQ | 1 (48) | 0 | 1 | 26886884 |
| distress | UDI | 1 (48) | 0 | 1 | 26886884 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) v PFMT | bother | final gravity, final incontinence impact, Ditrovie scale, smell of urine, impact score, mild or no problem, UDI-6, ICIQ-UI-SF | 6 (433) | 2 (home/supervised PFMT, physiotherapy PFMT) | 4 | 19690792; 122483 (no PMID); 18004495; 17034605; 23861324; 27059833 |
| daily activities | final physical limitations, final personal relationships, final social limitations, holidays/recreation, interests/hobbies, social activities, IIQ-7, BFLUTS, IIQ | 5 (225) | 2 (individual, supervised PFMT) | 2 | 19690792; 18004495; 23861324; 21849373; 122935 (no PMID) | ||
| distress | UDI | 1 (27) | 0 | 1 | 122935 (no PMID) | ||
| general health | KHQ, final general health | 3 (138) | 2 (group PFMT; stabilization exercise PFMT) | 1 | 21962461; 28346721; 19690792 | ||
| mental health | IQOL, emotions | 4 (425) | 2 (PFMT) | 2 | 19281321; 17034605; 18094892; 19690792 | ||
| sexual health | Sexual quality, sexual life | 1 (88) | discordant -- one sexual health outcome sig, one NS | discordant -- one sexual health outcome sig, one NS | 18004495 | ||
| sleep/energy | final sleep/disposition | 1 (60) | 0 | 1 | 19690792 | ||
| Behavioral v Placebo | PFMT v Sham | bother | Discomfort due to incontinence (/5-very serious problem), Discomfort due to wearing a protection (/5-very serious problem), discomfort due to avoidance of places & situations, ICIQ-LUTSqol, ICIQ-UI-SF, unsatisfied if you had to spend the rest of your life with symptoms as now | 4 (302) | 2 (PFMT) | 2 | 10817026; 10895973; NCT01848938; 10929962 |
| daily activities | Avoidance of places and situations (/5-very serious problem), discomfort due to fluid intake restriction, IIQ, Improvement in restrictions of activities, interference in physical activity, interference in relations with other people, overall interference with life, PFIQ-7, physical functioning, problems on daily tasks, Problems because of avoiding places and situations, Problems with interference with social life, Problem with interference with physical activity, role limitaiton due to physical problems, social functioning | 6 (481) | discordant in study 1807303, 10929962 | 4 | 10895973; 28248418; 1807303; 10929962; 25533442; 16673051 | ||
| distress | UDI | 2 (42 + 247) | 1 (PFMT) | 1 | 28248418; 25533442 | ||
| general health | general health perceptions, KHQ, MOS SF-12, improvement in psychological impact of urinary incontinence, IQOL, mental health, role limitation due to emotional problems | 6 (454) | 2 (PFMT) discordant in study 21962461; 22674639 | 2 | 21962461; 22674639; 16673051; 25533442; 1807303; 18719756 | ||
| sexual health | PISQ, problem with sex-life spoilt by urinary symptoms, problem with pain in intercourse, sex-life spoilt by urinary symptoms | 2 (160) | discordant in study 10929962 | 1 | 25533442; 10929962 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | PFMT, biofeedback v Bladder training | bother | UDI | 1 (137) | 0 | 1 | 9790388 |
| daily activities | IIQ-R | 1 (137) | 1 (bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback) | 0 | 9790388 | ||
| General health | KHQ | 1 (51) | 0 | 1 | 24498480 | ||
| mental health | IQOL | 1 (51) | 0 | 1 | 24498480 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | PFMT, biofeedback v PFMT | bother | ICIQ-FLUTS, ICIQ-SF, mild or no problem, impact score, ICIQ-UI-SF, ICIQ-LUTSqol | 3 (172) | discordant study 17034605 | 2 | 23640005; 23306768; 17034605 |
| daily activities | Urinary incontinence does not restrict daily activities, social activities index, IIQ | 2 (156) | 2 (PFMT, biofeedback) | 0 | 12425706; 28345778 | ||
| general health | KHQ | 2 (46 + 22) | 0 | 2 | 23306768; 122907 (no PMID) | ||
| mental health | IQOL | 3 (194) | 0 | 3 | 28169458; 25920290; 18719756 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | PFMT, biofeedback v PFMT, biofeedback | bother | Visual analogue scale (0–10) Severity of incontinence | 1 (60) | 0 | 1 | 9550207 |
| daily activities | social activities index, IIQ | 1 (34) | 0 | 1 | 28345778 | ||
| mental health | Visual analogue scale (0–10) Psychological distress | 1 (60) | 0 | 1 | 9550207 | ||
| Behavioral v Placebo | PFMT, biofeedback v Sham | general health | KHQ | 1 (28) | discordant PFMT, biofeedback favored for some subscales, NS for others. | discordant PFMT, biofeedback favored for some subscales, NS for others. | 22674639 |
| mental health | IQOL | 1 (57) | 1 (PFMT, biofeedback) | 0 | 18719756 | ||
| Neuromodulation v Behavioral | PFMT, biofeedback v TENS | mental health | IQOL | 1 (57) | 0 | 1 | 18719756 |
| Neuromodulation v Placebo | TENS v Sham | bother | Ditrovie scale | 1 (161) | 1 (TENS) | 0 | 25444700 |
| daily activities | IIQ | 1 (27) | 0 | 1 | 11128739 | ||
| distress | UDI | 1 (27) | 0 | 1 | 11128739 | ||
| general health | KHQ, SF-12 | 4 (310) | 3 (TENS) and discordant sudy 25444700 | 0 | 19013613; 24382548; 22840592; 25444700 | ||
| mental health | IQOL, HADS | 3 (292) | 3 (TENS) | 0 | 18719756; 19013613; 25444700 | ||
| Behavioral & Neuromodulation v Behavioral | TENS, biofeedback v PFMT | bother | changing overwear, discomfort due to incontinence | 1 (60) | 0 | 1 | 10895973 |
| daily activities | discomfort due to fluid intake restriction, problems on daily tasks, avoidance of places& situations, discomfort due to avoidance of places & situations, interference in physical activity, interference in relations with other people | 1 (60) | discordant | 0 | 10895973 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | TENS, PFMT v Bladder training | bother | ICIQ-SF | 1 (52) | 1 (TENS, PFMT) | 0 | 20458465 |
| Behavioral & Neuromodulation v Behavioral | TENS, PFMT v PFMT | daily activities | IIQ-7 | 1 (28) | 0 | 1 | 18820095 |
| Behavioral & Neuromodulation v Placebo | TENS, PFMT v Sham | bother | problems on daily tasks, Discomfort due to incontinence (/5-very serious problem), Avoidance of places and situations (/5-very serious problem) | 2 (120) | 1 (TENS, PFMT) and discordant 10817026 | 0 | 10895973; 10817026 |
| daily activities | discomfort due to fluid intake restriction | 3 (182) | discordant 10895973, 20185357 | 1 | 10895973; 10817026; 20185357 | ||
| Behavioral v Behavioral | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback v Electroaccupunture | bother | Stress incontinence index and quality of life index | 1 (42) | 1 (electroaccupunture) | 0 | 26921645 |
| Behavioral & Neuromodulation v Behavioral | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback v PFMT, biofeedback | daily activities | daily life, difficulty in personal relationships, Changes in scores: Avoiding places due to urinary incontinence, Changes in scores: Restriction in exercise due to incontinence | 1 (120) | 0 | 1 | 15515199 |
| sexual health | sexual life | 1 (120) | 0 | 1 | 15515199 | ||
| Behavioral & Neuromodulation v Placebo | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback v Sham | daily activities | Visual analog scale based social activity index: 0 = can not undertake any social activity, 10- does not have any problem. | 1 (30) | 1 (TENS, PFMT, biofeedback) | 0 | 12867764 |
| Behavioral & Neuromodulation v Placebo | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback v TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | daily activities | IIQ, daily life | 2 (164) | 1 (TENS, PFMT, biofeedback) | 1 | 16813477; 15515199 |
| general health | KHQ | 1 (88) | 0 | 1 | 20848671 | ||
| Behavioral v Placebo | yoga v Sham | daily activities | IIQ | 1 (18) | 0 | 1 | 24763156 |
| distress | UDI | 1 (18) | 1 (yoga) | 0 | 24763156 | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic v Placebo | fesoterodine v Sham | bother | OABq, OBQ, Patient perception of bladder condition, Patient perception of urgency scale | 1 (604) | 1 (fesoterodine) | 0 | 22542122 |
| Medication: Anticholinergic v Placebo | oxybutynin v Sham | mental health | Anxiety, depression, hositility, phobia, obessive-compulsive, paranoid ideation | 1 (98) | 0 | 1 | 11192337 |
| bother | Global severity | 1 (98) | 0 | 1 | 11192337 | ||
| general health | KHQ | 1 (352) | discordant | 21963104 | |||
| daily activities | IIQ, interpersonal sensitivity | 2 (450) | discordant | 1 | 11192337; 21963104 | ||
| distress | UDI | 1 (253) | 1 (oxybutynin) | 0 | 12131314 | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic v Placebo | solifenacin v Sham | daily activities | IIQ | 1 (157) | 1 (solifenacin) | 0 | 22816227 |
| distress | UDI | 1 (157) | 1 (solifenacin) | 0 | 22816227 | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic v Placebo | tolterodine v Sham | bother | OABq | 1 (16) | 0 | 1 | 24792229 |
| bother | Concern domain of the HRQL scale | 1 (413) | 1 (tolterodine) | 0 | 19601704 | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic v Placebo | tolterodine v Sham | bother | 2 (429) | 1 (tolterodine) | 1 | ||
| mental health | Coping domain of the HRQL scale, Emotional Health domain of the IIQ instrument | 1 (413) | 1 (tolterodine) | 0 | 19601704 | ||
| daily activities | Physical actitvity domain of the IIQ instrument: change from baseline to week 12, Social intervention domain of the HRQL scale, Social relationships domain of the IIQ instrument: change from baseline to week 14, Total IIQ score:change from baseline to week 12, Travel domain of the IIQ instrument: change from baseline to week 13 | 1 (413) | 1 (tolterodine) | 0 | 19601704 | ||
| Sleep/energy | Sleep domain of the HRQL scale | 1 (413) | 1 (tolterodine) | 0 | 19601704 | ||
| general health | Total HRQL score | 1 (413) | 1 (tolterodine) | 0 | 19601704 | ||
| Medication: bladder botox v Placebo | botox v Sham | daily activities | IIQ | 1 (21) | 0 | 1 | 23343798 |
| mental health | IQOL | 1 (268) | 1 (Botox doses 100 units, 150 units, 200 units, 300 units) | 0 | 21351127 | ||
| general health | KHQ, SF-36, PPBC | 1 (268) | 1 (Botox doses 100 units, 150 units, 200 units, 300 units) | 0 | 21351127 | ||
| distress | UDI | 1 (21) | 0 | 1 | 23343798 | ||
| Medication: Hormonal Therapy v Placebo | transdermal estrogen v Sham | general health | Change from baseline in Incontinence scores | 1 (186) | 0 | 1 | 10714909 |
| Medication: other v Placebo | duloxetine v Sham | mental health | Emotions | 1 (2758) | 1 (duloxetine) | 0 | 19929591 |
| daily activities | Incontinence impact, Physical /social limitations, Role limitations, Personal relationships | 1 (2758) | 1 (duloxetine) | 0 | 19929591 | ||
| general health | General health perception | 1 (2758) | 0 | 1 | 19929591 | ||
| Sleep/energy | Sleep/energy | 1 (2758) | 0 | 0 | 19929591 | ||
| bother | Severity | 1 (2758) | 1 (duloxetine) | 0 | 19929591 | ||
| general health | Total score:KHQ | 1 (2758) | 1 (duloxetine) | 1 | 19929591 | ||
| general health | 1 (2758) | 1 (duloxetine) | 1 | ||||
| Periurethral bulking v Placebo | macroplastique V Sham | mental health | IQOL | 1 (196) | 0 | 1 | 19013613 |
| Medication: Anticholinergic v Placebo | pregabalin v Sham | bother | OABq, OABqSF | 1 (178) | 1 (pregabalin) | 0 | 20886571 |
| PFMT, biofeedback, TENS vs PFMT, biofeedback, TENS, vaginal estrogen | daily activities | IIQ-7 | 1 (69) | 1 (PFMT, biofeedback, TENS vs PFMT, biofeedback, TENS, vaginal estrogen) | 0 | 26043913 |
- *
The number of statistically significant studies (which intervention these studies favor).
- †
The number of nonsignificant (NS) studies.
- ‡
PubMed unique identifier or other database accession number.
Table E-3Quality of life results (calculated net differences for statistically significant results)
| Intervention category | Intervention specific | Comparator category | Comparator specific | Scale name | N Analyzed | P (Net) | Favors | Net Difference (95% CI) | Scale Range | Higher/Lower Better |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT | Quality of life incontinence impact questionnaire | 145 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS | Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training | Quality of life Urogenital distress inventory | 145 | <0.05 | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS | 0.4443748 (0.114725, 0.7740246) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS | Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training | Short incontinence impact questionnaire 7 | 145 | <0.05 | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS | 0.5290598 (0.1977349, 0.8603848) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS | Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training | Short Urogenital distress inventory 16 | 145 | <0.05 | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS | 0.9749671 (0.6303161, 1.319618) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Urinary incontinence does not restrict daily activities | 118 | 0.029 | education, PFMT, bladder training, TENS | 2.32 (1.09, 4.94) | 0–1 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Sham/no treatment | control | Visual analog scale based social activity index: 0 = can not undertake any social activity, 10- does not have any problem. | 30 | <0.05 | TENS, PFMT | 6.067799 (4.306591, 7.829007) | 0–10 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Sham/no treatment | control | Visual analog scale based social activity index: 0 = can not undertake any social activity, 10- does not have any problem. | 30 | <0.05 | TENS, PFMT | 3.730636 (2.493327, 4.967946) | 0–10 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | problem with sex-life spoilt by urinary symptoms | 59 | 0.021 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | 4.83 (1.26, 18.47) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | Problems because of avoiding places and situations | 59 | 0.021 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | 4.83 (1.26, 18.47) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | sex-life spoilt by urinary symptoms | 59 | 0.021 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | 4.83 (1.26, 18.47) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | Problems with interference with social life | 59 | 0.022 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | 11.6 (1.42, 95) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | unsatisfied if you had to spend the rest of your life with symptoms as now | 59 | 0.028 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | 10.63 (1.28, 87.69) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | overall interference with life | 59 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | Problem with interference with physical activity | 59 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | problem with pain in intercourse | 59 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | Quality of Life Scale | 59 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Anxiety | 103 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Depression | 103 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Global Severity | 103 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Hostility | 103 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Interpersonal Sensitivity | 103 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Obsessive-Compulsive | 103 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Paranoid Ideation | 103 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Phobia | 103 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Psychoticism | 103 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Somatization | 103 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | Anxiety | 98 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | Depression | 98 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | Global Severity | 98 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | Hostility | 98 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | Interpersonal Sensitivity | 98 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | Obsessive-Compulsive | 98 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | Paranoid Ideation | 98 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | Phobia | 98 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | Psychoticism | 98 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Anxiety | 109 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Depression | 109 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Global Severity | 109 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Hostility | 109 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Interpersonal Sensitivity | 109 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Obsessive-Compulsive | 109 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Paranoid Ideation | 109 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Phobia | 109 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Psychoticism | 109 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Somatization | 109 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | Somatization | 98 | NS | ||||
| Medication: other | duloxetine | Sham/no treatment | control | Emotions | 2758 | 0.001 | duloxetine | 4.41 (2.68, 6.14) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: other | duloxetine | Sham/no treatment | control | Incontinence impact | 2758 | 0.001 | duloxetine | 4.44 (2.35, 6.52) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: other | duloxetine | Sham/no treatment | control | Physical/social limitations | 2758 | 0.001 | duloxetine | 5.18 (3.49, 6.87) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: other | duloxetine | Sham/no treatment | control | Role limitations | 2758 | 0.001 | duloxetine | 5.56 (3.49, 7.63) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: other | duloxetine | Sham/no treatment | control | Severity | 2758 | 0.001 | duloxetine | 4.07 (2.69, 5.45) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: other | duloxetine | Sham/no treatment | control | Total score:KHQ | 2758 | 0.001 | duloxetine | 3.4 (2.32, 4.48) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: other | duloxetine | Sham/no treatment | control | Personal relationships | 2758 | 0.015 | duloxetine | 1.99 (0.39, 3.59) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: other | duloxetine | Sham/no treatment | control | General health perception | 2758 | NS | ||||
| Medication: other | duloxetine | Sham/no treatment | control | Sleep/energy | 2758 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | I-QoL | 72 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | I-QoL | 72 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | I-QoL | 72 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Urinary incontinence does not restrict daily activities | 122 | 0.002 | PFMT, biofeedback | 3.37 (1.55, 7.31) | ||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | IQoL questionnaire | 60 | 0.001 | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | −25.8 (−37.01, −14.59) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: IIQ-R (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Revised) DI+-GSI immediately after treatment | 135 | 0.001 | bladder training, PFMT | 49.4 (26.43, 72.37) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: UDI (Urogenital Distress Inventory): GSI (Genuine stress incontinence) immediately after treatment | 135 | 0.001 | bladder training, PFMT | 36 (18.33, 53.67) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: UDI overall (Urogenital Distress Inventory) overall immediately after treatment | 135 | 0.001 | bladder training, PFMT | 31.1 (13.53, 48.67) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: UDI (Urogenital Distress Inventory): DI (Detrusor instability)±GSI (Genuine stress incontinence) immediately after treatment | 135 | 0.033 | bladder training, PFMT | 19.2 (1.57, 36.83) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: IIQ-R overall (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Revised) immediately after treatment | 135 | 0.037 | bladder training, PFMT | 25.5 (1.5, 49.49) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life 3 months after treatment | 135 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: IIQ-R (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Revised): GSI immediately after treatment | 135 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Quality of life 3 months after treatment | 136 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Quality of life: IIQ-R (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Revised): GSI immediately after treatment | 136 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Quality of life: IIQ-R overall (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Revised) immediately after treatment | 136 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Quality of life: IIQ-R (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Revised) DI+-GSI immediately after treatment | 136 | 0.001 | bladder training, PFMT | 58.1 (37.24, 78.96) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Quality of life: UDI (Urogenital Distress Inventory): DI (Detrusor instability) ± GSI (Genuine stress incontinence) immediately after treatment | 136 | 0.001 | bladder training, PFMT | 47.2 (26.66, 67.74) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Quality of life: UDI overall (Urogenital Distress Inventory) overall immediately after treatment | 136 | 0.003 | bladder training, PFMT | 26.4 (9.32, 43.48) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Quality of life: UDI (Urogenital Distress Inventory): GSI (Genuine stress incontinence) immediately after treatment | 136 | 0.02 | bladder training, PFMT | 18 (2.87, 33.13) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | IQoL questionnaire | 61 | 0.001 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | −24.6 (−36.6, −12.59) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Sham/no treatment | control | IQoL questionnaire | 57 | 0.001 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | −25.1 (−37.16, −13.04) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder support | Sham/no treatment | control | CONTILIFE total | 46 | 0.023 | 75NC007 intravaginal device | 0.8 (0.1, 1.5) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder support | Sham/no treatment | control | CONTILIFE emotional consequences | 46 | 0.036 | 75NC007 intravaginal device | −2.9 (−5.6, −0.2) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT | UDI-6 | 108 | 0.001 | BT + PFMT | 18.8 (15.8, 21.8) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT | IIQ-7 | 108 | 0.005 | BT + PFMT | 16.7 (13.6, 19.8) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | IQoL | 81 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder support | Sham/no treatment | control | CONTILIFE Sexuality | 46 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | InterStim | Neuromodulation | InterStim | UDI | 30 | 0.167 | −5.58 (−13.493, 2.333) | 0–100 | Lower | |
| Neuromodulation | InterStim | Neuromodulation | InterStim | UIIQ | 30 | 0.307 | −5.58 (−16.292, 5.132) | 0–100 | Lower | |
| Neuromodulation | InterStim | Neuromodulation | InterStim | UIIQ | 32 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | InterStim | Neuromodulation | InterStim | UDI | 32 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder support | Sham/no treatment | control | CONTILIFE overal QoL | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder support | Sham/no treatment | control | CONTILIFE self-image | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder support | Sham/no treatment | control | CONTILIFE effort | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder support | Sham/no treatment | control | CONTILIFE daily activities | 46 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 33 | 0.005 | IVES | −33.88 (−57.546, −10.214) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 33 | 0.007 | IVES | −39.44 (−68.145, −10.735) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 33 | 0.014 | IVES | −17.92 (−32.187,−3.653) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 33 | 0.048 | IVES | −21.67 (−43.177, −0.163) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 33 | 0.122 | −18.70 (−42.422, 5.022) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | electroacupuncture | Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Stress incontinence index and quality of life index | 42 | <0.01 | electrical pudendal nerve stimulation | lower | ||
| Neuromodulation | electroacupuncture | Neuromodulation | TENS | urgency incontinence index | 120 | 0.035 | electrical pudendal nerve stimulation | 0–8 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | electroacupuncture | Neuromodulation | TENS | quality of life index | 120 | electrical pudendal nerve stimulation | 0–16 | lower | ||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | IQoL questionnaire | 57 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 33 | 0.266 | −14.44 (−39.907, 11.027) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Satisfaction | 48 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 33 | <0.001 | IVES | −62.78 (−86.025, −39.535) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 33 | <0.001 | IVES | −52.6 (−74.992, −30.208) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 33 | <0.001 | IVES | −48.00 (−64.106, −31.894) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 32 | 0.003 | IVES | −39.44 (−65.009, −13.871) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | KHQ | 88 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | KHQ | 88 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | KHQ | 88 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Marked Improvement | 21 | 0.91 | NS | |||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Score | 42 | <0.001 | EPNS | 8.00 (6.488, 9.512) | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Complete Resolution | 21 | <0.01 | EPNS | NS | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Improvement | 21 | NS | NS | |||
| Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | discomfort due to fluid intake restriction | 60 | 0.035 | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | −0.3 (−0.58, −0.02) | 0–5 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | problems on daily tasks | 60 | 0.035 | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | −0.3 (−0.58, −0.022) | 0–5 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | avoidance of places& situations | 60 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | changing overwear | 60 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | discomfort due to avoidance of places & situations | 60 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | discomfort due to incontinence | 60 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | interference in physical activity | 60 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | interference in relations with other people | 60 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 32 | 0.007 | IVES | −32.60 (−56.127, −9.073) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 32 | 0.03 | IVES | −31.66 (−60.199, −3.121) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 32 | 0.064 | −27.77 (−57.164, 1.624) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 32 | 0.103 | −12.78 (−28.149, 2.589) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Medication: Anticholinergic & Hormonal Therapy | fesoterodine, vaginal estrogen | Medication: Anticholinergic | fesoterodine | OAB-Q SF | 18 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic & Hormonal Therapy | fesoterodine, vaginal estrogen | Medication: Anticholinergic | fesoterodine | SQOL-F | 18 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 32 | 0.177 | −12.92 (−31.676, 5.836) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 32 | 0.234 | −13.89 (−36.780, 9.000) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 32 | <0.001 | IVES | −53.90 (−76.640, −31.160) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 32 | <0.001 | IVES | −40.79 (−58.686, −22.894) | 0–100 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | UDI score | 253 | 0.014 | oxybutynin | 15.9 (6.4, 3.28) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Periurethral bulking | macroplastique | Sham/no treatment | control | I-QOL improvement | 196 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | I-QOL score | 70 | 0.001 | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | 11.9 (9.86, 13.94) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ score | 70 | 0.001 | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | −3.9 (−5.755, −2.04) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 45 | 0.002 | Group PFMT | 32.2 (12.2, 52.2) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 45 | 0.017 | Group PFMT | 17.9 (3.1, 32.6) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | final physical limitations | 60 | 0.041 | individual PFMT | 6.2 (0.26, 12.14) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | final physical activities limitations | 60 | 0.045 | individual PFMT | 7.3 (0.15, 14.45) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | final emotions | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | final general health | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | final gravity | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | final incontinence impact | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | final personal relationships | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | final sleep/disposition | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | final social limitations | 60 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | fesoterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | OABq | 604 | <0.001 | fesoterodine | −5.1 (−7.8, −2.4) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | fesoterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | OBQ | 604 | <0.001 | fesoterodine | −5.58 (−8.01, −3.16) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | fesoterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Patient perception of bladder condition | 604 | <0.001 | fesoterodine | −0.5 (−0.69, −0.32) | 0–100 | |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | fesoterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Patient perception of urgency scale | 604 | <0.001 | fesoterodine | −0.21 (−0.12, −0.3) | 0–100 | |
| Behavioral Therapy | yoga | Sham/no treatment | control | UDI-6 | 18 | 0.004 | Yoga | −0.9 (−1.4, −0.3) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | yoga | Sham/no treatment | control | PPBC | 18 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | yoga | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ-7 | 18 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Avoiding activity due to needing a toilet: Never | 62 | 0.021 | TENS, PFMT | 3.66 (1.22, 10.96) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Avoiding activities due to worrying about leaking: Never | 62 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Ditrovie scale | 34 | 0.015 | Home + supervised exercise | −0.6 (−1.1, −0.1) | 10–50 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Ditrovie scale | 34 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Ditrovie scale | 34 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Ditrovie scale | 34 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Ditrovie scale | 34 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Ditrovie scale | 34 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | social activity index | 34 | 0.003 | home exercise + perineal EMG biofeedback | 1.23 | 0–10 | higher |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | social activity index | 34 | 0.015 | home exercise + intravaginal biofeedback | 1.77 | 0–10 | higher |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | IIQ-7 | 34 | 0.029 | home exercise + intravaginal biofeedback | −3.71 | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | IIQ-8 | 34 | 0.038 | home exercise + perineal EMG biofeedback | −3.59 | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | social activity index | 34 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | IIQ-9 | 34 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | sexual quality | 88 | 0.03 | Home practice PFME + Telephone check-ups | 0.52 (0.29, 0.95) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | holidays/recreation | 88 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | interests/hobbies | 88 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | sexual life | 88 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | smell of urine | 88 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | social activities | 88 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Avoiding activities due to worrying about leaking: Often | 62 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Avoiding activities due to worrying about leaking: Sometimes | 62 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Avoiding activity due to needing a toilet: Often | 62 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Avoiding activity due to needing a toilet: Sometimes | 62 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | botox | Sham/no treatment | control | UDI-6 | 21 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | botox | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ-7 | 21 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | botox | Sham/no treatment | control | IIUS | 21 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | botox | Sham/no treatment | control | PPBC | 21 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | incontinence impact questionnaire (IIQ) | 27 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI) | 27 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | quality of life | 224 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ score | 164 | 0.001 | education, PFMT, bladder training | 6.97 (6.64, 7.29) | 0–300 | Lower |
| Periurethral bulking | Bulkamide | Periurethral bulking | Contigen | No Change | 188 | 0.2019 | NS | |||
| Periurethral bulking | Bulkamide | Periurethral bulking | Contigen | ICIQ-UI-SF | 303 | NS | ||||
| Periurethral bulking | Bulkamide | Periurethral bulking | Contigen | I-QOL | 303 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ score | 164 | 0.001 | education, PFMT, bladder training | 1.97 (1.66, 2.28) | 0–300 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | Improvement in urinary incontinence | 66 | 0.001 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | −85 (−96.48, −73.52) | 0–100 | Higher |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | Improvement in psychological impact of urinary incontinence | 66 | 0.001 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | −70 (−79.46, −60.54) | 0–100 | Higher |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | Improvement in restrictions of activities | 66 | 0.001 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | −67 (−76.94, −57.06) | 0–100 | Higher |
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-UI-SF | 43 | 0.002 | PMS + additional PMS | −3.34 (−5.5, −1.18) | 0–21 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-UI-SF | 52 | 0.019 | PMS + additional PMS | −1.51 (−2.78, −0.24) | 0–21 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-LUTSqol | 54 | 0.044 | PMS + additional PMS | −5.28 (−10.69, 0.13) | 19–76 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-LUTSqol | 35 | <0.001 | PMS + additional PMS | −2.5 (−3.86, −1.14) | 19–76 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-UI-SF | 43 | 0.001 | PMS + no additional PMS | −3.67 (−5.76, −1.58) | 0–21 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-LUTSqol | 54 | 0.001 | PMS + no additional PMS | −9.05 (−14.27, −3.83) | 19–76 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-UI-SF | 52 | <0.001 | PMS + no additional PMS | −2.48 (−3.71, −1.25) | 0–21 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-LUTSqol | 35 | <0.001 | PMS + no additional PMS | −2.32 (−3.63, −1.01) | 19–76 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | difficulty with sexual activity | 338 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | frequency of sexual activity | 338 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | level of sexual desire | 338 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | overall sexual satisfaction | 338 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | urine leakage during sex | 338 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-UI-SF | 120 | 0.002 | magnetic stimulation | −3.03 (−4.34, −1.72) | 0–21 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-LUTSqol | 35 | 0.002 | sham + additional PMS | −1.78 (−3.08, −0.48) | 19–76 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-LUTSqol | 54 | 0.004 | sham + additional PMS | −7.02 (−12.18, −1.86) | 19–76 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-UI-SF | 52 | 0.027 | sham + additional PMS | −1.32 (−2.53, −0.11) | 0–21 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-UI-SF | 43 | 0.027 | sham + additional PMS | −2.17 (−4.24, −0.1) | 0–21 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-12 | 161 | <0.01 | HPES | 11.3 | 0–100 | Higher |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | HADS | 161 | <0.01 | HPES | −2.8 | 0–21 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | HADS | 161 | <0.01 | HPES | −1.4 | 0–21 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | QoLQ score | 41 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-12 | 161 | <0.05 | HPES | 5.8 | 0–100 | Higher |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | HADS | 161 | <0.05 | HPES | −1.2 | 0–21 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | Ditrovie | 161 | <0.05 | HPES | −3.8 (−6.09, −1.50) | 10–50 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-12 | 161 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-12 | 161 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-12 | 161 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-12 | 161 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-12 | 161 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-12 | 161 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | emotions, 1 MONTH (T3) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | emotions, 1 WEEK (T2) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | general health perception, 1 MONTH (T3) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | general health perception, 1 WEEK (T2) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | incontinence impact, 1 MONTH (T3) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | incontinence impact, 1 WEEK (T2) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | personal relationships, 1 MONTH (T3) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | personal relationships, 1 WEEK (T2) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | physical limitation, 1 MONTH (T3) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | physical limitation, 1 WEEK (T2) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | role limitation, 1 MONTH (T3) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | role limitation, 1 WEEK (T2) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | SEAPI-QMM, 1 MONTH (T3) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | SEAPI-QMM, 1 WEEK (T2) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | sleep/energy, 1 MONTH (T3) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | sleep/energy, 1 WEEK (T2) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | social limitation, 1 MONTH (T3) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | social limitation, 1 WEEK (T2) | 20 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | Sham/no treatment | control | OABq | 178 | 0.0003 | pregabalin | −6.0 (−8.8, −3.1) | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | Sham/no treatment | control | OABq-SF | 178 | <0.0001 | pregabalin | 6.2 (3.5, 8.8) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Self reported Bothersomeness of urinary incontinence | 108 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | embarrassment | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | embarrassment | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | MBSR (mindfulness based stress reduction) | Behavioral Therapy | yoga | OABq-SF | 15 | 0.18 | MBSR (mindfulness based stress reduction) | −49.49 (−77.78, 0.00) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | MBSR (mindfulness based stress reduction) | Behavioral Therapy | yoga | HRQL | 15 | 0.34 | MBSR (mindfulness based stress reduction) | 30.61 (0.00, 50.00) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | MBSR (mindfulness based stress reduction) | Behavioral Therapy | yoga | OAB-HRQL | 30 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | MBSR (mindfulness based stress reduction) | Behavioral Therapy | yoga | OABq-SF | 30 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | emotional | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | emotional | 45 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Neuromodulation | InterStim | OBQ-SF | 364 | 0.002 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 8.1 (3.0, 13.3) | 0–100 | Higher |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Neuromodulation | InterStim | OBQ-SF | 364 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | EQ-5D | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | EQ-5D | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ (impact) mobility | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ (impact) mobility | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | pain/discomfort | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | pain/discomfort | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | physical | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | physical | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | prolapse | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | prolapse | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | social | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | social | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | UDI (bother) incontinence | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | UDI (bother) incontinence | 45 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | electroacupuncture | Sham/no treatment | control | B-SAQ | 22 | 0.029 | PTNS | −2 (−3.8, −0.2) | 0–12 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | electroacupuncture | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ1-SF | 22 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | electroacupuncture | Sham/no treatment | control | B-SAQ | 22 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ | 157 | <0.001 | Solifenacin | −10.6 (−13.4, −7.9) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Sham/no treatment | control | UDI | 157 | <0.001 | Solifenacin | −7.4 (−9.6, −5.1) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-q | 16 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-q | 16 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-q | 16 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-q | 16 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | 0.045 | Group PFMT | −22.4 (−44.2, −0.50) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | 0.004 | Individual PFMT | −25.4 (−42.5, −8.2) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | 0.01 | Individual PFMT | −31.2 (−55.0, −7.40) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | 0.045 | Individual PFMT | −20.7 (−41, −0.4) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 45 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 14 | 0.001 | surface electrical stimulation | −38.1 (−60.5, −15.6) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 7 | 0.001 | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | −38.05 (−60.499, −15.601) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 14 | 0.016 | surface electrical stimulation | −38.1 (−69.1, −7.1) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 7 | 0.016 | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | −38.09 (−69.056, −7.124) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 7 | 0.65 | 3.57 (−11.843, 18.9983) | 0–100 | Lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 14 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 26 | 0.03 | Pelvic floor muscle training | −12.95 | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 26 | NS | 0–100 | lower | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 26 | NS | 0–100 | lower | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 28 | 0.03 | vaginal cones | −49.85 | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 28 | NS | 0–100 | lower | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 28 | NS | 0–100 | lower | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Improvement:UPS score from baseline to week 12 | 413 | 0.013 | Tolterodine | 1.69 (1.12, 2.56) | 1–4 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Concern domain of the HRQL scale | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | −10.3 (−10.64, −9.96) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Coping domain of the HRQL scale | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | −8.9 (−9.21, −8.59) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Emotional Health domain of the IIQ instrument | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | 6.4 (6.11, 6.69) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Improved scores from baseline to week 12 on the OAB-q Symptom Bother scale | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | 6.9 (6.57, 7.23) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Physical actitvity domain of the IIQ instrument: change from baseline to week 12 | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | 1.8 (1.49, 2.11) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Sleep domain of the HRQL scale | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | −5.9 (−6.25, −5.55) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Social intervention domain of the HRQL scale | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | −3.7 (−3.92, −3.48) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Social relationships domain of the IIQ instrument: change from baseline to week 14 | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | 2.7 (2.44, 2.96) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Total HRQL score | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | −7.8 (−8.08, −7.52) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Total IIQ score:change from baseline to week 12 | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | 12.4 (11.29, 13.5) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Travel domain of the IIQ instrument: change from baseline to week 13 | 413 | 0.001 | tolterodine-ER | 0.8 (0.43, 1.17) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Sham/no treatment | control | Improvement:UPS score from baseline to week 12 | 413 | 0.013 | tolterodine-ER | 1.69 (1.12, 2.56) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | PGA | 55 | |||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-PSTQ | 55 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | |||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-PSTQ | 55 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | |||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | PGA | 50 | |||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-PSTQ | 50 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | |||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-PSTQ | 50 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | |||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | PGA | 52 | |||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-PSTQ | 52 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | |||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-PSTQ | 52 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | |||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | PGA | 55 | |||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-PSTQ | 55 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | |||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-PSTQ | 55 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | |||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | PGA | ||||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | IIQ-7 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | UDI-6 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Medication: Anticholinergic | trospium | IIQ-7 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Medication: Anticholinergic | trospium | UDI-6 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-PSTQ | 56 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | |||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-PSTQ | 56 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | I-QOL | 55 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 15 | 0–100 | lower |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 55 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 0–100 | lower | |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 5.5 | 0–100 | higher |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Medication: Hormonal Therapy | vaginal estrogen | IIQ-7 score | 59 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Medication: Hormonal Therapy | vaginal estrogen | UDI-6 score | 59 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | mean reduction in the IIQ | 254 | 0.033 | oxybutynin 3.9mg | −20.9 (−40.14, −1.66) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | I-QOL overall score | 240 | 0.001 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | −19.8 (−24.58, −15.02) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | mean I-QOL improvement | 240 | 0.014 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | −1 (−1.79, −0.2) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Change in Incontinence Impact Questionnaire score (400 with poorer perceived quality of life) | 44 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | daily life | 120 | 0.001 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | 0.15 (0.1, 0.19) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | difficulty in personal relationships | 120 | 0.001 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | 0.23 (0.19, 0.27) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | quality of life | 120 | 0.001 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | −0.15 (−0.19, −0.1) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | sexual life | 120 | 0.001 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.13) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Changes in scores: Avoiding places due to urinary incontinence | 120 | <0.05 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | −1.102793 (−1.487298, −0.7182874) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Changes in scores: Restriction in exercise due to incontinence | 120 | <0.05 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | −1.313749 (−1.708898, −0.9186008) | ||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT | Change from baseline in quality of life-avoidance, limiting behaviors scores (8 items) | 63 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT | Change from baseline in quality of life-avoidance, social embarrassment scores (5 items) | 63 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT | I-QOL psychosocial impact score | 63 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT | I-QOL total score | 63 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | I-QOL | 50 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 17.3 | 0–100 | lower |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 50 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 0–100 | lower | |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 50 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 50 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 50 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 50 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 50 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 50 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 50 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | modified Oxford scale | 159 | 0.044 | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | 0.33 (0.01, 0.65) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | median (interquartile range) impact score | 159 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | mild or no problem | 159 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | median (interquartile range) impact score | 106 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | mild or no problem | 106 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | modified Oxford scale | 106 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | IQoL questionnaire | 61 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 50 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | I-QOL | 52 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 19.2 | 0–100 | lower |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 52 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 0–100 | lower | |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | IQoL questionnaire | 61 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 52 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 10.6 | 0–100 | higher |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 52 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 52 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: UDI (Urogenital Distress Inventory): DI (Detrusor instability) ± GSI (Genuine stress incontinence) immediately after treatment | 137 | 0.01 | bladder training, PFMT | −28 (−49.32, −6.68) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: IIQ-R (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Revised): GSI immediately after treatment | 137 | 0.016 | bladder training, PFMT | 24.9 (4.79, 45.01) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: UDI (Urogenital Distress Inventory): GSI (Genuine stress incontinence) immediately after treatment | 137 | 0.028 | bladder training, PFMT | 18 (1.94, 34.06) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life 3 months after treatment | 137 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: IIQ-R (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Revised) DI+-GSI immediately after treatment | 137 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: IIQ-R overall (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-Revised) immediately after treatment | 137 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Quality of life: UDI overall (Urogenital Distress Inventory) overall immediately after treatment | 137 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | ICIQ-FLUTS | 40 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 52 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | concern | 87 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | coping | 87 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | health related QoL score | 87 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | sleep | 87 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | social | 87 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | IQoL | 81 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | IQoL | 81 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 33 | 0.001 | stablization exercise | −22.9 (−36.4, −9.4) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 33 | 0.002 | stablization exercise | −17.9 (−29.5, −6.3) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 33 | 0.002 | stablization exercise | −35.4 (−58.1, −12.7) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 33 | 0.004 | stablization exercise | −28.3 (−47.3, −9.3) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 33 | 0.02 | stablization exercise | −23.4 (−43.7, −3.1) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 33 | 0.048 | stablization exercise | −17.9 (−35.6, −0.2) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | IIQ-7 | 32 | <0.001 | PFMT | −33.6 (−48.4, −18.8) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | UDI-6 | 32 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | ICIQ-FLUTS | 19 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | ICIQ-UI-SF | 19 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | ICIQ-LUTSqol | 19 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 33 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 33 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 33 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 52 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 52 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 52 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 52 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | 0.001 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 9.7 | 0–100 | higher |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | 0.01 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 6.1 | 0–100 | higher |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | 0.02 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 8.4 | 0–100 | higher |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | I-QOL | 55 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 21.8 | 0–100 | lower |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 55 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 0–100 | lower | |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | <0.05 | onabotulinumtoxinA | 9.1 | 0–100 | higher |
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 55 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | I-QOL | 56 | NS | 0–100 | lower | ||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 56 | NS | 0–100 | lower | ||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 56 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | ICIQ-SF | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | ICIQ-SF | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | ICIQ-SF | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | ICIQ-SF | 46 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | IQOL | 61 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | IQOL | 61 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | IQOL | 61 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | IQOL | 61 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback, TENS | Behavioral Therapy | TENS, PFMT, biofeedback, vaginal estrogen | IIQ-7 | 69 | <0.001 | PFMT + ES + biofeedback + intravaginal estriol | −7.8 (−9.6, −6) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 22 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 22 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 22 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 22 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 22 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 22 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 22 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 22 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | KHQ | 22 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | ICIQ-UI-SF | 65 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | education | UDI | 48 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | education | IIQ | 48 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | ICIQ-UI-SF | 60 | <0.001 | Physiotherapy + PFMT | −2.9 (−3.1, −2.8) | 0–21 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | IIQ | 27 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | UDI | 27 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | ICIQ-UI-SF | 52 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | ICIQ-UI-SF | 43 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | ICIQ-LUTSqol | 35 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | Neuromodulation | magnetic stimulation | ICIQ-LUTSqol | 54 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 56 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 56 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 56 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 56 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 56 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 56 | NS | ||||
| Medication: bladder botox | Botox | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 | 56 | NS | ||||
| Other | intravessical pressure release | Sham/no treatment | control | IQOL | 115 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | OABq | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | OABq-SF | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | OABq | 178 | 0.002 | pregabalin | −5.1 (−7.9, −2.2) | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | Pregabalin | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | OABq-SF | 178 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-LUTSqol | 123 | 0.005 | PFMT | −4.6 | 19–76 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-UI-SF | 123 | <0.001 | PFMT | −3.3 | 0–21 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | OABq | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | OABq-SF | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | OABq | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | OABq-SF | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | OABq | 178 | 0.024 | pregabalin + tolterodine ED | −3.5 (−6.5, −0.6) | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | OABq-SF | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | OABq | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | OABq-SF | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | OABq | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | OABq-SF | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | OABq | 178 | 0.005 | pregabalin + tolterodine ER | −4.6 (−7.4, −1.7) | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | OABq-SF | 178 | 0.012 | pregabalin + tolterodine ER | 3.6 (1.0, 6.3) | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 352 | 0.0003 | oxybutinin topical gel | graphical data only - can pull from digitizer | 0–100 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ | 352 | 0.0005 | oxybutinin topical gel | graphical data only - can pull from digitizer | 0–300 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 352 | 0.002 | oxybutinin topical gel | graphical data only - can pull from digitizer | 0–100 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ | 352 | 0.0021 | oxybutinin topical gel | graphical data only - can pull from digitizer | 0–300 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 352 | 0.0021 | oxybutinin topical gel | graphical data only - can pull from digitizer | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | KHQ | 31 | 0.089 | 20.00 (−3.079, 43.079) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | KHQ | 31 | 0.288 | 8.89 (−7.502, 25.282) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | KHQ | 31 | 0.299 | −13.33 (−38.488, 11.828) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | KHQ | 31 | 0.377 | 8.88 (−10.807, 28.567) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | KHQ | 31 | 0.382 | 7.21 (−8.968, 23.388) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | KHQ | 31 | 0.575 | 5.0 (−12.483, 22.483) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | KHQ | 31 | 0.667 | 4.81 (−17.133, 26.753) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | KHQ | 31 | 0.861 | 2.22 (−22.591, 27.031) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | KHQ | 31 | 1 | 0.00 (−23.766, 23.766) | 0–100 | lower | |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ | 352 | 0.003 | oxybutinin topical gel | graphical data only - can pull from digitizer | 0–300 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 352 | 0.0044 | oxybutinin topical gel | graphical data only - can pull from digitizer | 0–100 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 352 | 0.0088 | oxybutinin topical gel | graphical data only - can pull from digitizer | 0–100 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 352 | 0.0161 | oxybutinin topical gel | graphical data only - can pull from digitizer | 0–100 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ | 352 | <0.0001 | oxybutinin topical gel | graphical data only - can pull from digitizer | 0–300 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 352 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 352 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 352 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | Sham/no treatment | control | KHQ | 352 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ score | 48 | 0.001 | education, weight loss | −43 (−53.37, −32.63) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 physical component | 48 | 0.001 | education, weight loss | −18 (−22.65, −13.35) | Lower | |
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Sham/no treatment | control | UDI score | 48 | 0.001 | education, weight loss | −36 (−42.12, −29.88) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Sham/no treatment | control | SF-36 mental component score | 48 | 0.003 | education, weight loss | 3.33 (1.18, 5.47) | Lower | |
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | discomfort due to fluid intake restriction | 60 | 0.035 | TENS, PFMT | −0.3 (−0.58, −0.02) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | problems on daily tasks | 60 | 0.035 | TENS, PFMT | −0.3 (−0.58, −0.02) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Discomfort due to incontinence (/5-very serious problem) | 60 | <0.05 | TENS, PFMT | −0.5656856 (−1.08211, −0.0492609) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Avoidance of places and situations (/5-very serious problem) | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Discomfort due to wearing a protection (/5-very serious problem) | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | discomfort due to avoidance of places & situations | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | interference in physical activity | 60 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: Anticholinergic | darifenacin | IIQ | 76 | 0.018 | solifenacin | −35.9 (−53.7, −18.1) | 0–300 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: Anticholinergic | darifenacin | IIQ | 76 | 0.02 | solifenacin | −8.7 (−12.7, −4.7) | 0–300 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: Anticholinergic | darifenacin | IIQ | 76 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: Anticholinergic | darifenacin | IIQ | 76 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: Anticholinergic | darifenacin | IIQ | 76 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: Anticholinergic | darifenacin | UDI | 76 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: Anticholinergic | darifenacin | UDI | 76 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: Anticholinergic | darifenacin | UDI | 76 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: bladder botox | Botox | OABq-SF | 247 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: bladder botox | Botox | PFIQ-SF | 247 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | solifenacin | Medication: bladder botox | Botox | PFDI-SF | 247 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | interference in relations with other people | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | Discomfort due to incontinence (/5-very serious problem) | 60 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | trospium | Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | IIQ-7 (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire Short Form) at 18 weeks | 35 | 0.001 | TENS | −26.98 (−39.62, −14.33) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | trospium | Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) at 18 weeks | 35 | 0.039 | TENS | −5.75 (−11.18, −0.32) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | trospium | Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) at 6 weeks | 35 | NS | 0–100 | Lower | ||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | trospium | Neuromodulation | TENS, biofeedback | IIQ-7 (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire Short Form) at 6 weeks | 35 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | BFLUTS | 18 | 0.001 | Supervised PFMT | −3.6 (−5.7, −1.4) | Lower | |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | I-QoL | 44 | 0.045 | supervised PMFE | NA (NA, NA) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | change in Brink score | 24 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | change in incontinence impact questionnaire score | 28 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | Discomfort due to wearing a protection (/5-very serious problem) | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | Avoidance of places and situations (/5-very serious problem) | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | discomfort due to avoidance of places & situations | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | discomfort due to fluid intake restriction | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | interference in physical activity | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | interference in relations with other people | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | problems on daily tasks | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | UDI | 42 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | IIQ | 42 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | I-QOL | 64 | <0.001 | Magnetic stimulation | 34.60 (25.450, 43.750) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) | Sham/no treatment | control | I-QOL | 93 | <0.001 | electrical stimulation with surface-electromyography-assisted biofeedback | 34.6 (25.45, 43.75) | 0–100 | higher |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | general health perceptions | 24 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | IQOL: adjusted mean | 174 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | mental health | 24 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | physical functioning | 24 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | physical functioning | 24 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | role limitaiton due to physical problems | 24 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | IQoL | 83 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | IQoL | 83 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | IQoL | 82 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | IIQ-7 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | UDI-6 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | trospium | IIQ-7 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | trospium | UDI-6 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | role limitation due to emotional problems | 24 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | OABq | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin | OABq-SF | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | OABq | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | OABq-SF | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | OABq | 178 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | pregabalin, tolterodine | OABq-SF | 178 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | role limitation due to physical problems | 24 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | social functioning | 24 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | vitality | 24 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | U-UDI | 20 | <0.001 | Magnetic stimulation | −2 (−2.703, −1.297) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-q | 20 | <0.001 | Magnetic stimulation | −18.9 (−29.338, −8.462) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | OAB-q | 34 | 0.001 | magnetic stimulation | −18.9 (−30.73, −7.07) | 0–100 | lower |
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | U-UDI | 34 | <0.001 | magnetic stimulation | −2 (−2.79, −1.21) | 0–4 | lower |
| Medication: Hormonal Therapy | transdermal estrogen | Sham/no treatment | control | Change from baseline in Incontinence scores | 186 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | BFLUTS | 101 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | BFLUTS | 50 | 0.07 | NS | |||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | BFLUTS | 50 | 0.28 | NS | |||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | BFLUTS | 50 | 0.51 | NS | |||
| Behavioral Therapy & Neuromodulation | TENS, PFMT | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | Average score on international questionnaire (ICIQ-SF) after treatment | 52 | 0.033 | TENS, PFMT | 2.7 (0.22, 5.18) | 0–21 | lower |
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | IIQ-7 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | oxybutynin | UDI-6 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | IIQ-7 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Medication: Anticholinergic | tolterodine | Medication: Anticholinergic | Tolterodine | UDI-6 | 90 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | BFLUTS | 50 | 0.8 | NS | |||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, PFMT, bladder training | Behavioral Therapy | education | IIQ | 55 | <0.001 | Urinary Continence Physiotherapy Programme | −6 (−7.8, −4.2) | 0–300 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | mild or no problem | 107 | 0.005 | PFMT, biofeedback | 0.15 (0.04, 0.56) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | modified Oxford scale | 107 | 0.027 | PFMT, biofeedback | 0.67 (0.08, 1.26) | ||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | median (interquartile range) impact score | 107 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | IQOL | 51 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | KHQ | 51 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | KHQ | 51 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | KHQ | 51 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | KHQ | 51 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | KHQ | 51 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | KHQ | 51 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | KHQ | 51 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | KHQ | 51 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | bladder training | KHQ | 51 | NS | ||||
| Neuromodulation | Magnetic stimulation | Sham/no treatment | control | BFLUTS | 50 | 0.8 | NS | |||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | UDI-6 | 247 | 0.002 | PFMT | −6.5 (−10.6, −2.4) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | PFDI-20 | 244 | 0.015 | PFMT | −10.6 (−19.1, −2.1) | 0–300 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Visual analogue scale (0–10) | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Visual analogue scale (0–10) Psychological distress | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Behavioral Therapy | PFMT, biofeedback | Visual analogue scale (0–10) Severity of incontinence | 60 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | PFDI-20 | 321 | 0.001 | weight loss | −6.5 (−16.6, 3.6) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | PFDI-20 | 321 | 0.02 | weight loss | −4.3 (−11.08, 2.48) | 0–100 | lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | PFDI-20 | 321 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | PFDI-20 | 321 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | UDI-6 | 163 | <0.001 | education | 1.6 (1.073, 2.127) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | education, weight loss | Behavioral Therapy | education | POPDI-6 | 163 | <0.001 | education, weight loss | 6.5 (5.705, 7.295) | 0–300 | Lower |
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | PFIQ-7 | 230 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | MOS SF-12 | 232 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | MOS SF-12 | 232 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | PISQ | 101 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | POPDI-6 | 247 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | PFMT (pelvic floor muscle therapy) | Sham/no treatment | control | CRADI-8 | 246 | NS | ||||
| Behavioral Therapy | education, bladder training, PFMT | Sham/no treatment | control | Self reported quality of life measures (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ) | 131 | <0.05 | education, PFMT, bladder training | −0.5144017 (−0.8626016, −0.1662019) | 0–100 | Lower |
| Neuromodulation | electroacupuncture | Sham/no treatment | control | ICIQ-SF | 80 | <0.001 | electroacupuncture | 4.4 (2.7, 6.1) | 0–21 | Lower |
- Quality of Life - Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Sy...Quality of Life - Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review Update
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