Appendix GEvidence Tables and Overall Quality Ratings

Publication Details

Evidence Table 1. Key Question 2b. Screening Strategies (MS Word, 48K)

Evidence Table 2. Key Question 2b. Screening Strategies Overall Quality Rating (MS Word, 45K)

Evidence Table 3. Key Question 4a. Biopsy Outcomes (MS Word, 43K)

Evidence Table 4. Key Question 4a. Biopsy Overall Quality Rating (MS Word, 43K)

Evidence Table 5. Key Question 4a. Diagnostic Accuracy (MS Word, 442K)

Evidence Table 6. Key Question 4a. Overall Quality Rating (MS Word, 161K)

Evidence Table 7. Key Question 4b. Proportion of Screened Patients who were Treated (MS Word, 46K)

Evidence Table 8. Key Questions 6a and 6c. Counseling Randomized Trials (MS Word, 47K)

Evidence Table 9. Key Questions 6a and 6c. Counseling Randomized Trials Overall Quality Rating (MS Word, 44K)

Evidence Table 10. Key Question 7. Pregnancy Intervention Observational Studies (MS Word, 127K)

Evidence Table 11. Key Question 7. Pregnancy Intervention Observational Studies Overall Quality Rating (MS Word, 70K)

Appendix G References

1.
Gunn RA, Murray PJ, Brennan CH, et al. Evaluation of screening criteria to identify persons with hepatitis C virus infection among sexually transmitted disease clinic clients: results from the San Diego Viral Hepatitis Integration Project. Sex Transm Dis. 2003 Apr;30(4):340–4. [PubMed: 12671556]
2.
McGinn T, O’Connor-Moore N, Alfandre D, et al. Validation of a hepatitis C screening tool in primary care. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Oct 13;168(18):2009–13. [PubMed: 18852403]
3.
Nguyen MT, Herrine SK, Laine CA, et al. Description of a new hepatitis C risk assessment tool. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Sep 26;165(17):2013–8. [PubMed: 16186472]
4.
Zuniga IA, Chen JJ, Lane DS, et al. Analysis of a hepatitis C screening programme for US veterans. Epidemiol Infect. 2006 Apr;134(2):249–57. [PMC free article: PMC2870390] [PubMed: 16490127]
5.
Zuure F, Davidovich U, Kok G, et al. Evaluation of a risk assessment questionnaire to assist hepatitis C screening in the general population. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2010 Apr 15;15(15):19539. [PubMed: 20429995]
6.
Andriulli A, Persico M, Iacobellis A, et al. Treatment of patients with HCV infection with or without liver biopsy. J Viral Hepat. 2004;11(6):536–42. [PubMed: 15500554]
7.
Adams LA, Bulsara M, Rossi E, et al. Hepascore: An Accurate Validated Predictor of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C Infection. Clin Chem. 2005 October 1;51(10):1867–73. [PubMed: 16055434]
8.
Ahmad W, Ijaz B, Javed FT, et al. A comparison of four fibrosis indexes in chronic HCV: development of new fibrosis-cirrhosis index (FCI). BMC Gastroenterology. 2011;11:44. [PMC free article: PMC3098184] [PubMed: 21507271]
9.
Alsatie M, Kwo PY, Gingerich JR, et al. A multivariable model of clinical variables predicts advanced fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;41(4):416–21. [PubMed: 17413613]
10.
Adler M, Gulbis B, Moreno C, et al. The predictive value of FIB-4 versus FibroTest, APRI, FibroIndex and Forns index to noninvasively estimate fibrosis in hepatitis C and nonhepatitis C liver diseases. Hepatology. 2008;47(2):762–3. [PubMed: 18220307]
11.
Anderson FH, Zeng L, Rock NR, et al. An assessment of the clinical utility of serum ALT and AST in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatol Res. 2000;18(1):63–71. [PubMed: 10838037]
12.
Becker L, Salameh W, Sferruzza A, et al. Validation of hepascore, compared with simple indices of fibrosis, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(6):696–701. [PubMed: 19514117]
13.
Bejarano G. Prospective evaluation of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis C infection using the Sabadell NIHCED (Non-Invasive Hepatitis-C-Related Cirrhosis Early Detection) index. 2009. [Accessed on June 20, 2011]. http://hepatop​.biopredictive​.com/publication​/19527078/prospective-evaluation-of-liver-fibrosis-in-chronic-viral-hepatitis-c-infection-using-the-sabadell-nihced-non-invasive-hepatitis-c-related-cirrhosis-early-detection-index/ [PubMed: 19527078]
14.
Berg T, Hoffmann RM, Teuber G, et al. Efficacy of short-term induction therapy with ribavirin plus interferon alfa in previously untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Hepatology. 1999;30(Suppl 1):70.
15.
Ben Jazia E, Kaabia N, Benabdelkader A, et al. Noninvasive fibrosis markers for the prediction of significant fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Tunisia. Infect Dis Clin Pract (Baltim Md). 2009;17(6):385.
16.
Boeker KH, Haberkorn CI, Michels D, et al. Diagnostic potential of circulating TIMP-1 and MMP-2 as markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Chim Acta. 2002;316(1–2):71–81. [PubMed: 11750276]
17.
Bonacini M, Hadi G, Govindarajan S, et al. Utility of a discriminant score for diagnosing advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92(8):1302–4. [PubMed: 9260794]
18.
Borroni G, Ceriani R, Cazzaniga M, et al. Comparison of simple tests for the non-invasive diagnosis of clinically silent cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24(5):797–804. [PubMed: 16918883]
19.
Bota S, Sirli R, Sporea I, et al. A new scoring system for prediction of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepat Mon. 2011;11(7):548–55. [PMC free article: PMC3212757] [PubMed: 22087193]
20.
Bourliere M, Penaranda G, Ouzan D, et al. Optimized stepwise combination algorithms of non-invasive liver fibrosis scores including Hepascore in hepatitis C virus patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(4):458–67. [PubMed: 18498446]
21.
Bourliere M, Penaranda G, Renou C, et al. Validation and comparison of indexes for fibrosis and cirrhosis prediction in chronic hepatitis C patients: proposal for a pragmatic approach classification without liver biopsies. J Viral Hepat. 2006;13(10):659–70. [PubMed: 16970597]
22.
Boursier J, de Ledinghen V, Zarski JP, et al. Comparison of eight diagnostic algorithms for liver fibrosis in hepatitis C: new algorithms are more precise and entirely noninvasive. Hepatology. 2012;55(1):58–67. [PubMed: 21898504]
23.
Boursier J, de Ledinghen V, Zarski J-P, et al. A new combination of blood test and fibroscan for accurate non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis stages in chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(7):1255–63. [PubMed: 21468012]
24.
Boursier J, Bacq Y, Halfon P, et al. Improved diagnostic accuracy of blood tests for severe fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21(1):28–38. [PubMed: 19060630]
25.
Burton MJ, Sunesara I, Penman A, et al. Comparing the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI) between African American and white veterans with chronic hepatitis C. South Med J. 2011;104(5):309–14. [PubMed: 21606706]
26.
Calès P, Boursier J, Bertrais S, et al. Optimization and robustness of blood tests for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Clin Biochem. 2010;43(16–17):1315–22. [PubMed: 20713037]
27.
Calès P, Boursier J, de Lédinghen V, et al. Evaluation and improvement of a reliable diagnosis of cirrhosis by blood tests. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique. 2008;32(12):1050–60. [PubMed: 19019606]
28.
Castéra L, Sebastiani G, Le Bail B, et al. Prospective comparison of two algorithms combining non-invasive methods for staging liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2010;52(2):191–8. [PubMed: 20006397]
29.
Castera L, Le Bail B, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al. Early detection in routine clinical practice of cirrhosis and oesophageal varices in chronic hepatitis C: comparison of transient elastography (FibroScan) with standard laboratory tests and non-invasive scores. J Hepatol. 2009;50(1):59–68. [PubMed: 19013661]
30.
Castéra L, Vergniol J, Foucher J, et al. Prospective comparison of transient elastography, Fibrotest, APRI, and liver biopsy for the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(2):343–50. [PubMed: 15685546]
31.
Cheong JY, Um SH, Seo YS, et al. Non-invasive index for predicting significant liver fibrosis: comparison of diagnostic performances in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:555–63. [PubMed: 20585981]
32.
Cheung KJ, Tilleman K, Deforce D, et al. Usefulness of a novel serum proteome-derived index FI-PRO (fibrosis-protein) in the prediction of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23(8):701–10. [PubMed: 21623191]
33.
Cheung RC, Currie S, Shen H, et al. Can we predict the degree of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients using routine blood tests in our daily practice? J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(7):827–34. [PubMed: 18285716]
34.
Chrysanthos NV, Papatheodoridis GV, Savvas S, et al. Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index for fibrosis evaluation in chronic viral hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18(4):389–96. [PubMed: 16538110]
35.
Cobbold J, Crossey M, Colman P, et al. Optimal combinations of ultrasound-based and serum markers of disease severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17(8):537–45. [PubMed: 19804501]
36.
Colletta C, Smirne C, Fabris C, et al. Value of two noninvasive methods to detect progression of fibrosis among HCV carriers with normal aminotransferases. Hepatology. 2005;42(4):838–45. [PubMed: 16121354]
37.
Colli A, Colucci A, Paggi S, et al. Accuracy of a predictive model for severe hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(46):7318–22. [PMC free article: PMC4725144] [PubMed: 16437635]
38.
Crisan D, Radu C, Lupsor M, et al. Two or more synchronous combination of noninvasive tests to increase accuracy of liver fibrosis assessement in chronic Hepatitis C; results from a cohort of 446 patients. Hepat Mon. 2012;12(3):177–84. [PMC free article: PMC3339417] [PubMed: 22550525]
39.
Cross TJ, Calvaruso V, Maimone S, et al. Prospective comparison of Fibroscan, King’s score and liver biopsy for the assessment of cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C infection. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17(8):546. [PubMed: 19874477]
40.
Cross TJS, Rizzi P, Berry PA, et al. King’s Score: an accurate marker of cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21(7):730–8. [PubMed: 19430302]
41.
Ehsan N, Badr M, Raouf A, et al. Correlation between liver biopsy findings and different serum biochemical tests in staging fibrosis in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2008;9(1):7–12.
42.
El-Gindy I, El Rahman AT, El-Alim MA, et al. Diagnostic potential of serum matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 as non-invasive markers of hepatic fibrosis in patients with HCV related chronic liver disease. Egypt J Immunol. 2003;10(1):27–35. [PubMed: 15719620]
43.
El-Sayed R, Fahmy M, El Koofy N, et al. Can aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index replace liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C? Trop Gastroenterol. 2011;32(4):267–72. [PubMed: 22696906]
44.
el-Shorbagy E, Afefy AF, Ibrahem IA, et al. Non-invasive markers and predictors of severity of hepatic fibrosis in HCV patients at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2004;34(1):459–78. [PubMed: 15124753]
45.
Fabris C, Smirne C, Toniutto P, et al. Usefulness of six non-proprietary indirect markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008;46(2):253–9. [PubMed: 18324909]
46.
Fontana RJ, Goodman ZD, Dienstag JL, et al. Relationship of serum fibrosis markers with liver fibrosis stage and collagen content in patients with advanced chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2008;47(3):789–98. [PubMed: 18175357]
47.
Forns X, Ampurdanès S, Llovet JM, et al. Identification of chronic hepatitis C patients without hepatic fibrosis by a simple predictive model. Hepatology. 2002;36(4):986–92. [PubMed: 12297848]
48.
Friedrich-Rust M, Rosenberg W, Parkes J, et al. Comparison of ELF, FibroTest and FibroScan for the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis. BMC Gastroenterology. 2010;10(1):103. [PMC free article: PMC2944336] [PubMed: 20828377]
49.
Gabrielli GB, Capra F, Casaril M, et al. Serum laminin and type III procollagen in chronic hepatitis C. Diagnostic value in the assessment of disease activity and fibrosis. Clin Chim Acta. 1997;265(1):21–31. [PubMed: 9352126]
50.
Giannini EG, Zaman A, Ceppa P, et al. A simple approach to noninvasively identifying significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients in clinical practice. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(6):521–7. [PubMed: 16825935]
51.
Giannini E, Risso D, Botta F, et al. Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003 January 27;163(2):218–24. [PubMed: 12546613]
52.
Giannini E, Testa R. Noninvasive diagnosis of fibrosis: The truth is rarely pure and never simple. Hepatology. 2003;38(5):1312–3. [PubMed: 14578874]
53.
Gomes da Silva. Aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index for fibrosis and cirrhosis prediction in chronic hepatitis C patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2008;12(1) [PubMed: 18553008]
54.
Grigorescu M, Rusu M, Neculoiu D, et al. The FibroTest value in discriminating between insignificant and significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. The Romanian experience. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2007;16(1):31–7. [PubMed: 17410286]
55.
Guéchot J, Lasnier E, Sturm N, et al. Automation of the Hepascore and validation as a biochemical index of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C from the ANRS HC EP 23 Fibrostar cohort. Clin Chim Acta. 2010;411(1–2):86–91. [PubMed: 19850017]
56.
Guéchot J, Laudat A, Loria A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of hyaluronan and type III procollagen amino-terminal peptide serum assays as markers of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis C evaluated by ROC curve analysis. Clin Chem. 1996;42(4):558–63. [PubMed: 8605673]
57.
Guéchot J, Poupon RE, Giral P, et al. Relationship between procollagen III aminoterminal propeptide and hyaluronan serum levels and histological fibrosis in primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic viral hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 1994;20(3):388–93. [PubMed: 8014451]
58.
Güzelbulut. AST-platelet ratio index, Forns index and FIB-4 in the prediction of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2011;22(3):279–85. [PubMed: 21805418]
59.
Halfon P, Bacq Y, De Muret A, et al. Comparison of test performance profile for blood tests of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2007;46(3):395–402. [PubMed: 17156890]
60.
Halfon P. Independent prospective multicenter validation of biochemical markers (fibrotest-actitest) for the prediction of liver fibrosis and activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C: the fibropaca study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(3):547–55. [PubMed: 16542291]
61.
Halfon P. Accuracy of hyaluronic acid level for predicting liver fibrosis stages in patients with hepatitis C virus. Comp Hepatol. 2005;4(1) [PMC free article: PMC1192814] [PubMed: 16008833]
62.
Hsieh YY, Tung SY, Lee IL, et al. FibroQ: an easy and useful noninvasive test for predicting liver fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Chang Gung Med J. 2009;32(6):614–22. [PubMed: 20035640]
63.
Iacobellis A, Fusilli S, Mangia A, et al. Ultrasonographic and biochemical parameters in the non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus chronic hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(9):769–74. [PubMed: 16225484]
64.
Iacobellis A, Mangia A, Leandro G, et al. External validation of biochemical indices for noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis in HCV chronic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(4):868–73. [PubMed: 15784034]
65.
Imbert-Bismut F, Ratziu V, Pieroni L, et al. Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective study. The Lancet. 2001;357(9262):1069–75. [PubMed: 11297957]
66.
Thabut D, Simon M, Myers RP, et al. Noninvasive prediction of fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;37(5):1220–1. [PubMed: 12717403]
67.
Le Calvez S, Thabut D, Messous D, et al. The predictive value of Fibrotest vs. APRI for the diagnosis of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2004;39(3):862–3. [PubMed: 14999708]
68.
Imperiale TF, Said AT, Cummings OW, et al. Need for validation of clinical decision aids: use of the AST/ALT ratio in predicting cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(9):2328–32. [PubMed: 11007237]
69.
Islam S, Antonsson L, Westin J, et al. Cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus-infected patients can be excluded using an index of standard biochemical serum markers. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40(7):867–72. [PubMed: 16109665]
70.
Kaul V, Friedenberg FK, Braitman LE, et al. Development and validation of a model to diagnose cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(10):2623–8. [PubMed: 12385450]
71.
Khan. Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of APRI for prediction of fibrosis in hepatitis C patients. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2008;20(4):122–6. [PubMed: 19999223]
72.
NK. Serum aminotransferase levels and platelet count as predictive factor of fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. J Pak Med Assoc. 2003;53(3):101–4. [PubMed: 12779023]
73.
Koda M, Matunaga Y, Kawakami M, et al. Fibroindex, a practical index for predicting significant fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2007;45(2):297–306. [PubMed: 17256741]
74.
Lackner C, Struber G, Liegl B, et al. Comparison and validation of simple noninvasive tests for prediction of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2005;41(6):1376–82. [PubMed: 15915455]
75.
Lackner C, Struber G, Bankuti C, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C based on standard laboratory tests. Hepatology. 2006;42(2):378–9. [PubMed: 16440344]
76.
Leroy V, Halfon P, Bacq Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy, reproducibility and robustness of fibrosis blood tests in chronic hepatitis C: A meta-analysis with individual data. Clin Biochem. 2008;41(16–17):1368–76. [PubMed: 18655779]
77.
Leroy V, Hilleret M-N, Sturm N, et al. Prospective comparison of six non-invasive scores for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2007;46(5):775–82. [PubMed: 17321634]
78.
Leroy V, Monier F, Bottari S, et al. Circulating matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 9 and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 as serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: comparison with PIIINP and hyaluronic acid. Am J Gast. 2004;99(2):271–9. [PubMed: 15046217]
79.
Liu CH, Lin JW, Tsai FC, et al. Noninvasive tests for the prediction of significant hepatic fibrosis in hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal alanine aminotransferases. Liver Int. 2006;26(9):1087–94. [PubMed: 17032409]
80.
Loaeza-del-Castillo A, Paz-Pineda F, Oviedo-Cárdenas E, et al. AST to platelet ratio index (APRI) for the noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis. Ann Hepatol. 2008;7(4):350–7. [PubMed: 19034235]
81.
Lo Iacono O, García-Monzón C, Almasio P, et al. Soluble adhesion molecules correlate with liver inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon-alpha. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12(11):1091–9. [PubMed: 9845398]
82.
Lok ASF, Ghany MG, Goodman ZD, et al. Predicting cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis C based on standard laboratory tests: Results of the HALT-C cohort. Hepatology. 2005;42(2):282–92. [PubMed: 15986415]
83.
Luo J, Hwang S, Chang F, et al. Simple blood tests can predict compensated liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49(44):478–81. [PubMed: 11995477]
84.
Martinez SM, Fernández-Varo G, González P, et al. Assessment of liver fibrosis before and after antiviral therapy by different serum marker panels in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(1):138–48. [PubMed: 21083589]
85.
McHutchison JG, Blatt LM, de Medina M, et al. Measurement of serum hyaluronic acid in patients with chronic hepatitis C and its relationship to liver histology. Consensus Interferon Study Group. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(8):945–51. [PubMed: 11022838]
86.
Metwally MA, Zein CO, Zein NN. Predictors and noninvasive identification of severe liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(2):582–8. [PubMed: 17211710]
87.
Murawaki Y, Ikuta Y, Okamoto K, et al. Diagnostic value of serum markers of connective tissue turnover for predicting histological staging and grading in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol. 2001;36(6):399–406. [PubMed: 11428586]
88.
Murawaki Y, Koda M, Okamoto K, et al. Diagnostic value of serum type IV collagen test in comparison with platelet count for predicting the fibrotic stage in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;16(7):777–81. [PubMed: 11446886]
89.
Myers RP, de Torres M, Imbert-Bismut F, et al. Biochemical markers of fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: A comparison with prothrombin time, platelet count, and age–platelet index. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48(1):146–53. [PubMed: 12645802]
90.
Myers RP, Ratziu V, Imbert-Bismut F, et al. Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis: a comparison with historical features in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(9):2419–25. [PubMed: 12358267]
91.
Obrador BD, Prades MG, Gómez MV, et al. A predictive index for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in hepatitis C based on clinical, laboratory, and ultrasound findings. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;18(1):57–62. [PubMed: 16357620]
92.
Ohta T, Sakaguchi K, Fujiwara A, et al. Simple surrogate index of the fibrosis stage in chronic hepatitis C patients using platelet count and serum albumin level. Acta Med Okayama. 2006;60(2):77–84. [PubMed: 16680183]
93.
Omran MM, Farid K, Emran TM, et al. Fibro-(alpha) score as a simple and useful non-invasive test for predicting significant liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2011;12(2):74–9. [PubMed: 21684477]
94.
Paggi S, Colli A, Fraquelli M, et al. A non-invasive algorithm accurately predicts advanced fibrosis in hepatitis C: A comparison using histology with internal–external validation. J Hepatol. 2008;49(4):564–71. [PubMed: 18706734]
95.
Parise ER, Oliveira AC, Figueiredo-Mendes C, et al. Noninvasive serum markers in the diagnosis of structural liver damage in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int. 2006;26(9):1095–9. [PubMed: 17032410]
96.
Park SH, Kim CH, Kim DJ, et al. Diagnostic value of multiple biomarker panel for prediction of significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Clin Biochem. 2011;44(17–18):1396–9. [PubMed: 21971609]
97.
Park GJH, Lin BP, Ngu MC, et al. Aspartate aminotransferase : alanine aminotransferase ratio in chronic hepatitis C infection: Is it a useful predictor of cirrhosis? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(4):386–90. [PubMed: 10824882]
98.
Park J-W. [Hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea: introduction and overview]. Korean Journal of Gastroenterology/Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe Chi. 2005 Apr;45(4):217–26. [PubMed: 15843747]
99.
Parkes J, Guha IN, Roderick P, et al. Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test accurately identifies liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat. 2011 Jan;18(1):23–31. [PubMed: 20196799]
100.
Patel K, Benhamou Y, Yoshida EM, et al. An independent and prospective comparison of two commercial fibrosis marker panels (HCV FibroSURE and FIBROSpect II) during albinterferon alfa-2b combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C. J Vir Hep. 2009;16(3):178–86. [PubMed: 19175870]
101.
Patel K, Gordon SC, Jacobson I, et al. Evaluation of a panel of non-invasive serum markers to differentiate mild from moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol. 2004;41(6):935–42. [PubMed: 15582126]
102.
Plevris JN, Haydon GH, Simpson KJ, et al. Serum hyaluronan--a non-invasive test for diagnosing liver cirrhosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;12(10):1121–7. [PubMed: 11057458]
103.
Pohl A, Behling C, Oliver D, et al. Serum aminotransferase levels and platelet counts as predictors of degree of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(11):3142–6. [PubMed: 11721762]
104.
Poynard T, McHutchison J, Manns M, et al. Biochemical surrogate markers of liver fibrosis and activity in a randomized trial of peginterferon alfa-2b and ribavirin. Hepatology. 2003;38(2):481–92. [PubMed: 12883493]
105.
Poynard T, Imbert-Bismut F, Ratziu V, et al. Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients infected by hepatitis C virus: longitudinal validation in a randomized trial. J Vir Hep. 2002;9(2):128–33. [PubMed: 11876795]
106.
Pradat P, Alberti A, Poynard T, et al. Predictive value of ALT levels for histologic findings in chronic hepatitis C: a European collaborative study. Hepatology. 2002;36(4 Pt 1):973–7. [PubMed: 12297846]
107.
Reedy DW, Loo AT, Levine RA. AST/ALT ratio > or = 1 is not diagnostic of cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(9):2156–9. [PubMed: 9753286]
108.
Renou C, Muller P, Jouve E, et al. Relevance of moderate isolated thrombopenia as a strong predictive marker of cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(5):1657–9. [PubMed: 11374731]
109.
Romera M, Corpas R, Romero Gómez M. Insulin resistance as a non-invasive method for the assessment of fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C: a comparative study of biochemical methods. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2006;98(3):161–9. [PubMed: 16737415]
110.
Rosenberg WM, Voelker M, Thiel R, et al. Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: a cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(6):1704–13. [PubMed: 15578508]
111.
Rossi E, Adams L, Prins A, et al. Validation of the FibroTest Biochemical Markers Score in assessing liver fibrosis in hepatitis C patients. Clin Chem. 2003 March 1;49(3):450–4. [PubMed: 12600957]
112.
Saadeh S, Cammell G, Carey WD, et al. The role of liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2001;33(1):196–200. [PubMed: 11124836]
113.
Said Y, Bouzaidi S, Debbeche R, et al. Correlation entre la biopsie hépatique et le Fibrotest dans l’évaluation de la fibrose hépatique chez les patients atteints d’hépatite chronique C. La Tunisie Medicale. 2010;88(8):573–83. [PubMed: 20711964]
114.
Saitou Y, Shiraki K, Yamanaka Y, et al. Noninvasive estimation of liver fibrosis and response to interferon therapy by a serum fibrogenesis marker, YKL-40, in patients with HCV-associated liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(4):476–81. [PMC free article: PMC4250794] [PubMed: 15641129]
115.
Schneider AR, Teuber G, Paul K, et al. Patient age is a strong independent predictor of 13C-aminopyrine breath test results: a comparative study with histology, duplex-Doppler and a laboratory index in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;33(4):300–4. [PubMed: 16620291]
116.
Schneider AR, Teuber G, Kriener S, et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver steatosis, fibrosis and inflammation in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int. 2005;25(6):1150–5. [PubMed: 16343065]
117.
Sebastiani G, Halfon P, Castera L, et al. Comparison of three algorithms of non-invasive markers of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(1):92–104. [PubMed: 22035045]
118.
Sebastiani G, Castera L, Halfon P, et al. The impact of liver disease aetiology and the stages of hepatic fibrosis on the performance of non-invasive fibrosis biomarkers: an international study of 2411 cases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(10):1202–16. [PubMed: 21981787]
119.
Sebastiani G, Halfon P, Castera L, et al. SAFE biopsy: A validated method for large-scale staging of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2009;49(6):1821–7. [PubMed: 19291784]
120.
Sebastiani G, Vario A, Guido M, et al. Performance of noninvasive markers for liver fibrosis is reduced in chronic hepatitis C with normal transaminases. J Vir Hep. 2008;15(3):212–8. [PubMed: 18179453]
121.
Sebastiani G, Vario A, Guido M, et al. Stepwise combination algorithms of non-invasive markers to diagnose significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2006;44(4):686–93. [PubMed: 16490278]
122.
Sheth SG, Flamm SL, Gordon FD, et al. AST/ALT ratio predicts cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Gast. 1998;93(1):44–8. [PubMed: 9448172]
123.
Silva IS, Ferraz MLC, Perez RM, et al. Role of γ-glutamyl transferase activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19(3):314–8. [PubMed: 14748879]
124.
Sirli R, Sporea I, Bota S, et al. A comparative study of non-invasive methods for fibrosis assessment in chronic HCV infection. Hepat Mon. 2010;10(2):88–94. [PMC free article: PMC3270362] [PubMed: 22312379]
125.
Snyder N, Nguyen A, Gajula L, et al. The APRI may be enhanced by the use of the FIBROSpect II in the estimation of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2007;381(2):119–23. [PubMed: 17442291]
126.
Snyder N, Gajula L, Xiao S-Y, et al. APRI: An easy and validated predictor of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(6):535–42. [PubMed: 16825937]
127.
Stibbe KJM, Verveer C, Francke J, et al. Comparison of non-invasive assessment to diagnose liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B and C patients. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jul;46(7–8):962–72. [PubMed: 21623677]
128.
Sud A, Hui JM, Farrell GC, et al. Improved prediction of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C using measures of insulin resistance in a probability index. Hepatology. 2004;39(5):1239–47. [PubMed: 15122752]
129.
Testa R, Testa E, Giannini E, et al. Noninvasive ratio indexes to evaluate fibrosis staging in chronic hepatitis C: role of platelet count/spleen diameter ratio index. J Int Med. 2006;260(2):142–50. [PubMed: 16882278]
130.
Trocme C, Leroy V, Sturm N, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of a fibrosis index combining MMP-1 and PIIINP compared with MMP-9, TIMP-1 and hyaluronic acid in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated by interferon-alpha and ribavirin. J Vir Hep. 2006;13(10):643–51. [PubMed: 16970595]
131.
Vallet-Pichard A, Mallet V, Nalpas B, et al. FIB-4: An inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV infection. comparison with liver biopsy and fibrotest. Hepatology. 2007;46(1):32–6. [PubMed: 17567829]
132.
Verbaan H, Bondeson L, Eriksson S. Non-invasive assessment of inflammatory activity and fibrosis (grade and stage) in chronic hepatitis C infection. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32(5):494–9. [PubMed: 9175214]
133.
Wai C-T, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, et al. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38(2):518–26. [PubMed: 12883497]
134.
Walsh KM, Fletcher A, MacSween RN, et al. Basement membrane peptides as markers of liver disease in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2000;32(2):325–30. [PubMed: 10707874]
135.
Walsh KM, Fletcher A, MacSween RN, et al. Comparison of assays for N-amino terminal propeptide of type III procollagen in chronic hepatitis C by using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11(8):827–31. [PubMed: 10514112]
136.
Walsh KM, Timms P, Campbell S, et al. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases -1 and -2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) as noninvasive markers of liver disease in chronic hepatitis C: comparison using ROC analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44(3):624–30. [PubMed: 10080160]
137.
Williams AL, Hoofnagle JH. Ratio of serum aspartate to alanine aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis. Relationship to cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1988;95(3):734–9. [PubMed: 3135226]
138.
Wilson LE, Torbenson M, Astemborski J, et al. Progression of liver fibrosis among injection drug users with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2006;43(4):788–95. [PubMed: 16557548]
139.
Wong VS, Hughes V, Trull A, et al. Serum hyaluronic acid is a useful marker of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 1998;5(3):187–92. [PubMed: 9658372]
140.
Yilmaz Y, Yonal O, Kurt R, et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis with the aspartate transaminase to platelet ratio index (APRI): usefulness in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepat Mon. 2011;11(2):103–7. [PMC free article: PMC3206675] [PubMed: 22087126]
141.
Zaman A, Rosen HR, Ingram K, et al. Assessment of FIBROSpect II to detect hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. Am J Med. 2007;120(3):280–14. [PubMed: 17349453]
142.
Zarski J-P, Sturm N, Guechot J, et al. Comparison of nine blood tests and transient elastography for liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: the ANRS HCEP-23 study. J Hepatol. 2012 Jan;56(1):55–62. [PubMed: 21781944]
143.
Berg T, Sarrazin C, Hinrichsen H, et al. Does noninvasive staging of fibrosis challenge liver biopsy as a gold standard in chronic hepatitis C? Hepatology. 2004;39(5):1456–7. [PubMed: 15122779]
144.
Calès P, De Ledinghen V, Halfon P, et al. Evaluating the accuracy and increasing the reliable diagnosis rate of blood tests for liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Liver Int. 2008;28(10):1352–62. [PMC free article: PMC2711538] [PubMed: 18492022]
145.
Cobbold JF, Crossey MM, Colman P, et al. Optimal combinations of ultrasound-based and serum markers of disease severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat. 2009;17(8):537. [PubMed: 19804501]
146.
Myers R, Tainturier M, Ratziu V, et al. Prediction of liver histological lesions with biochemical markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2003;39:222–30. [PubMed: 12873819]
147.
Parkes J, Guha IN, Roderick P, et al. Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test accurately identifies liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of Viral Hepatitis. 2011;18(1):23–31. [PubMed: 20196799]
148.
Sène D, Limal N, Messous D, et al. Biological markers of liver fibrosis and activity as non-invasive alternatives to liver biopsy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Clinical Biochemistry. 2006;39(7):715–21. [PubMed: 16765932]
149.
Varaut A, Fontaine H, Serpaggi J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the Fibrotest in hemodialysis and renal transplant patients with chronic hepatitis C virus. Transplantation. 2005;80(11):1550–5. [PubMed: 16371924]
150.
Groom H, Dieperink E, Nelson DB, et al. Outcomes of a hepatitis C screening program at a large urban VA medical center. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008 Jan;42(1):97–106. [PubMed: 18097298]
151.
Lindenburg CEA, Lambers FAE, Urbanus AT, et al. Hepatitis C testing and treatment among active drug users in Amsterdam: Results from the DUTCH-C project. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;23(1):23–31. [PubMed: 21042221]
152.
Mallette C, Flynn MA, Promrat K. Outcome of screening for hepatitis C virus infection based on risk factors. Am J Gast. 2008 Jan;103(1):131–7. [PubMed: 17894850]
153.
Groessl EJ, Weingart KR, Gifford AL, et al. Development of the Hepatitis C Self-Management Program. Patient Education and Counseling. 2011;83(2):252–5. [PubMed: 20638216]
154.
Latka MH, Hagan H, Kapadia F, et al. A randomized intervention trial to reduce the lending of used injection equipment among injection drug users infected with hepatitis C. Am J Public Health. 2008;98:853–61. [PMC free article: PMC2374802] [PubMed: 18382005]
155.
Zule WA, Costenbader EC, Coomes CM, et al. Effects of a Hepatitis C virus educational intervention or a motivational intervention on alcohol use, injection drug use, and sexual risk behaviors among injection drug users. Am J Public Health. 2009;99:S180–6. [PMC free article: PMC2724936] [PubMed: 19218179]
156.
Ceci O, Margiotta M, Marello F, et al. High rate of spontaneous viral clearance in a cohort of vertically infected hepatitis C virus infants: What lies behind? J Hepatol. 2001;35(5):687–8. [PubMed: 11690723]
157.
Conte D, Fraquelli M, Prati D, et al. Prevalence and clinical course of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and rate of HCV vertical transmission in a cohort of 15,250 pregnant women. 3 ed. UNITED STATES: Cattedra di Gastroenterologia, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy. Dario; 2000. pp. 751–5. Conte@unimi.it. [PubMed: 10706568]
158.
European Paediatric Hepatitis C Virus Network. Effects of mode of delivery and infant feeding on the risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus. European Paediatric Hepatitis C Virus Network. BJOG. 2001;108(4):371–7. [PubMed: 11305543]
159.
European Paediatric, Hepatitis CVN. Three broad modalities in the natural history of vertically acquired hepatitis C virus infection. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2005;41:45–51. [PubMed: 15937762]
160.
Garland SM, Tabrizi S, Robinson P, et al. Hepatitis C--role of perinatal transmission. 4 ed. AUSTRALIA: Microbiology Department, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 1998. pp. 424–7. [PubMed: 9890224]
161.
Gibb DM, Goodall RL, Dunn DT, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus: evidence for preventable peripartum transmission. Lancet. 2000;356(9233):904–7. [PubMed: 11036896]
162.
La Torre A, Biadaioli R, Capobianco T, et al. Vertical transmission of HCV. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1998;77(9):889–92. [PubMed: 9808375]
163.
Lin HH, Kao JH, Hsu HY, et al. Absence of infection in breast-fed infants born to hepatitis C virus-infected mothers. J Pediatr. 1995;126(4):589–91. [PubMed: 7535353]
164.
Mast EE, Hwang LY, Seto DSY, et al. Risk factors for perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the natural history of HCV infection acquired in infancy. J Infect Dis. 2005;192(11):1880–9. [PubMed: 16267758]
165.
McMenamin MB, Jackson AD, Lambert J, et al. Obstetric management of hepatitis C-positive mothers: analysis of vertical transmission in 559 mother-infant pairs. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(3):315.e1–5. [PubMed: 18771997]
166.
Moriya T, Sasaki F, Mizui M, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants: its frequency and risk factors revisited. Biomed Pharmacother. 1995;49(2):59–64. [PubMed: 7605903]
167.
Okamoto M, Nagata I, Murakami J, et al. Shift in the buoyant density of hepatitis C virus particles in infants infected by mother-to-infant transmission. Pediatr Int. 1999;41(4):369–73. [PubMed: 10453185]
168.
Pipan C, Amici S, Astori G, et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus in low-risk pregnant women. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1996 Feb;15(2):116–20. [PubMed: 8801082]
169.
Resti M, Azzari C, Mannelli F, et al. Mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus: Prospective study of risk factors and timing of infection in children born to women seronegative for HIV-1. BMJ. 1998;317(7156):437–40. [PMC free article: PMC28636] [PubMed: 9703524]
170.
Spencer JD, Latt N, Beeby PJ, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C virus to infants of human immunodeficiency virus-negative intravenous drug-using mothers: rate of infection and assessment of risk factors for transmission. J Vir Hep. 1997;4(6):395–409. [PubMed: 9430360]
171.
Syriopoulou V, Nikolopoulou G, Daikos GL, et al. Mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus: Rate of infection and risk factors. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37(5):350–3. [PubMed: 16051571]
172.
Tajiri H, Miyoshi Y, Funada S, et al. Prospective study of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001 Jan;20(1):10–4. [PubMed: 11176560]
173.
Tanzi M, Bellelli E, Benaglia G, et al. The prevalence of HCV infection in a cohort of pregnant women, the related risk factors and the possibility of vertical transmission. Eur J Epidemiol. 1997;13(5):517–21. [PubMed: 9258562]
174.
Zanetti AR, Tanzi E, Romano L, et al. A prospective study on mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Intervirology. 1998;41(4–5):208–12. [PubMed: 10213898]
175.
Zanetti AR, Tanzi E, Newell ML. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol Supplement. 1999;31(1):96–100. [PubMed: 10622569]
176.
Tovo P-A, Lazier L, Versace A. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2005;18(3):261–6. [PubMed: 15864105]
177.
European Paediatric Hepatitis C Virus Network. A significant sex--but not elective cesarean section--effect on mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2005;192(11):1872–9. [PubMed: 16267757]