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Soni NJ, Samson DJ, Galaydick JL, et al. Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Therapy [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2012 Oct. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 78.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

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Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Therapy [Internet].

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Appendix BExcluded Studies

EXC exclude

NRD not relevant disease (not relevant population)

NDE not relevant design

NRO not relevant outcome

SMN small n

  1. Aalto H, Takala A, Kautiainen H, Repo H. Laboratory markers of systemic inflammation as predictors of bloodstream infection in acutely ill patients admitted to hospital in medical emergency. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;23(9):699–704. Rec#: 4180. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PubMed: 15309668]
  2. Adamik B, Kubler-Kielb J, Golebiowska B, Gamian A, Kubler A. Effect of sepsis and cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass on plasma level of nitric oxide metabolites, neopterin, and procalcitonin: correlation with mortality and postoperative complications. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26(9):1259–67. Rec#: 5940. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 11089751]
  3. Ahmadinejad Z, Dadsetan B, Jalili M, Soudbakhsh A, Rasolinejad M. Evaluation of serum procalcitonin in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome with and without infection. Acta Med. Iran. 2009;47(5):383–388. Rec#: 11910. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC.
  4. Ahmadinejad Z, Soudbakhsh AR, Tayebi A. Serum procalcitonin level in infectious and non- infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome: A three- year study. Tehran Uni. Med. J. 2010;67(10):724–730. Rec#: 11880. Exclusion Codes: NRD, EXC.
  5. Ahn S, Kim WY, Yoon JY, Sohn CH, Seo DW, Kim SH, Hong SB, Lim CM, Koh YS, Kim W. Procalcitonin in 2009 H1N1 influenza pneumonia: Role in differentiating from bacterial pneumonia. Tuberc. Respir. Dis. 2010;68(4):205–211. Rec#: 15470. Exclusion Codes: NRD, EXC.
  6. Aikawa N, Fujishima S, Endo S, Sekine I, Kogawa K, Yamamoto Y, Kushimoto S, Yukioka H, Kato N, Totsuka K, Kikuchi K, Ikeda T, Ikeda K, Harada K, Satomura S. Multicenter prospective study of procalcitonin as an indicator of sepsis. J Infect Chemother. 2005;11(3):152–9. Rec#: 3770. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 15990980]
  7. Ali AM, Moaz MA, Ghoniem E, Abd El Motaleb T, Sheri N. Reliability of serum procalcitonin concentrations for the diagnosis of sepsis in neonates. Egypt J Immunol. 2008;15(1):75–84. Rec#: 2210. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 20306671]
  8. Al-Nawas B, Krammer I, Shah PM. Procalcitonin in diagnosis of severe infections. Eur J Med Res. 1996;1(7):331–3. Rec#: 6910. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 9364034]
  9. Al-Nawas B, Shah P. Procalcitonin in acute malaria. Eur J Med Res. 1997;2(5):206–8. Rec#: 6840. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PubMed: 9153345]
  10. al-Nawas B, Shah PM. Procalcitonin in patients with and without immunosuppression and sepsis. Infection. 1996;24(6):434–6. Rec#: 6890. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 9007590]
  11. Ames PR, Walker E, Aw D, Marshall D, de Villiers F, Staber M. Multi-organ failure in adult onset Still's disease: a septic disguise. Clin Rheumatol. 2009;28 Suppl 1:S3–6. Rec#: 1360. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 18839267]
  12. Amour J, Birenbaum A, Langeron O, Le Manach Y, Bertrand M, Coriat P, Riou B, Bernard M, Hausfater P. Influence of renal dysfunction on the accuracy of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of postoperative infection after vascular surgery. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(4):1147–54. Rec#: 1950. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 18379240]
  13. Andermahr J, Greb A, Hensler T, Helling HJ, Bouillon B, Sauerland S, Rehm KE, Neugebauer E. Pneumonia in multiple injured patients: a prospective controlled trial on early prediction using clinical and immunological parameters. Inflamm Res. 2002;51(5):265–72. Rec#: 5300. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 12056515]
  14. Anderson R, Schmidt R. Clinical biomarkers in sepsis. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2010;2:504–20. Rec#: 270. Exclusion Codes: NRD, EXC. [PubMed: 20036897]
  15. Andreola B, Bressan S, Callegaro S, Liverani A, Plebani M, Da Dalt L. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as diagnostic markers of severe bacterial infections in febrile infants and children in the emergency department. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26(8):672–7. Rec#: 8250. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 17848876]
  16. Aouifi A, Piriou V, Bastien O, Blanc P, Bouvier H, Evans R, Celard M, Vandenesch F, Rousson R, Lehot JJ. Usefulness of procalcitonin for diagnosis of infection in cardiac surgical patients. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(9):3171–6. Rec#: 6010. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 11008977]
  17. Aouifi A, Piriou V, Blanc P, Bouvier H, Bastien O, Chiari P, Rousson R, Evans R, Lehot JJ. Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein concentrations. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83(4):602–7. Rec#: 6260. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 10673877]
  18. Apostolakis EE, Prokakis C, Dougenis D. Are procalcitonin levels sufficient for the follow up of patients undergoing lung decortication for pleural empyema? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009;35(1):193. author reply 194. Rec#: 1220. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 19046888]
  19. Arkader R, Troster EJ, Lopes MR, Junior RR, Carcillo JA, Leone C, Okay TS. Procalcitonin does discriminate between sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(2):117–20. Rec#: 3560. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC2082702] [PubMed: 16326799]
  20. Assicot M, Gendrel D, Carsin H, Raymond J, Guilbaud J, Bohuon C. High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection. Lancet. 1993;341(8844):515–8. Rec#: 6930. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC7141580] [PubMed: 8094770]
  21. Atanasova V, Rosmanova R, Andreeva H. Procalcitonin: An innovative marker for bacterial infections. Biochemical, immunological and clinical aspects (chapter 2). Clin. Appl. Immunol. 2002;1(1):23–27. Rec#: 14680. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC.
  22. Athhan F, Akagunduz B, Genel F, Bak M, Can D. Procalcitonin: a marker of neonatal sepsis. J Trop Pediatr. 2002;48(1):10–4. Rec#: 5490. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 11866330]
  23. Ayazi P, Mahyar A, Hashemi HJ, Daneshi MM, Karimzadeh T, Salimi F. Comparison of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein tests in children with urinary tract infection. Iran. J. Pediatr. 2009;19(4):381–386. Rec#: 15670. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC.
  24. Aygun C, Oran O, Portakal O. [Procalcitonin: Levels in newborns and as an indicator in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis]. Yenidoganlarda prokalsitonin duzeyleri ve sepsis tanisindaki yeri. Cocuk Sagligi Hast. Derg. 2003;46(2):83–89. Rec#: 14410. Exclusion Codes: NRD, EXC.
  25. Azarpira N, Ramzi M, Aghdaie M, Daraie M. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein serum levels after hematopoietic stem-cell transplant. Exp Clin Transplant. 2009;7(2):115–8. Rec#: 580. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 19715516]
  26. Aznar-Oroval E, Sanchez-Yepes M, Lorente-Alegre P, San Juan-Gadea MC, Ortiz-Munoz B, Prez-Ballestero P, Picn-Roig I, Maquez-Richart J. [Diagnostic value of procalcitonin, interleukin 8, interleukin 6, and c-reactive protein for detecting bacteremia and fungemia in cancer patients]. Valor diagnostico de la procalcitonina, la interleucina 8, la interleucina 6 y la proteina C reactiva en la deteccin de bacteriemia y fungemia en pacientes con cancer. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 2010;28(5):273–277. Rec#: 11510. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 20097454]
  27. Balci C, Sivaci R, Akbulut G, Karabekir HS. Procalcitonin levels as an early marker in patients with multiple trauma under intensive care. J Int Med Res. 2009;37(6):1709–17. Rec#: 170. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 20146868]
  28. BalcI C, Sungurtekin H, Gurses E, Sungurtekin U, Kaptanoglu B. Usefulness of procalcitonin for diagnosis of sepsis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2003;7(1):85–90. Rec#: 4970. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC154110] [PubMed: 12617745]
  29. Ballot DE, Perovic O, Galpin J, Cooper PA. Serum procalcitonin as an early marker of neonatal sepsis. S Afr Med J. 2004;94(10):851–4. Rec#: 4070. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 15532763]
  30. Barati M, Alinejad F, Bahar MA, Tabrisi MS, Shamshiri AR, Bodouhi NO, Karimi H. Comparison of WBC, ESR, CRP and PCT serum levels in septic and non-septic burn cases. Burns. 2008;34(6):770–4. Rec#: 1600. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PubMed: 18513877]
  31. Bargues L, Chancerelle Y, Catineau J, Jault P, Carsin H. Evaluation of serum procalcitonin concentration in the ICU following severe burn. Burns. 2007;33(7):860–4. Rec#: 2710. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PubMed: 17532575]
  32. Barnes C, Ignjatovic V, Newall F, Carlin J, Ng F, Hamilton S, Ashley D, Waters K, Monagle P. Change in serum procalcitonin (deltaPCT) predicts the clinical outcome of children admitted with febrile neutropenia. Br J Haematol. 2002;118(4):1197–8. Rec#: 5190. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PubMed: 12199815]
  33. Baruti Gafurri Z, Pacarizi H, Zhubi B, Begolli L, Topciu V. The importance of determining procalcitonin and C reactive protein in different stages of sepsis. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2010;10(1):60–4. Rec#: 150. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC5596613] [PubMed: 20192933]
  34. Basler T, Meier-Hellmann A, Bredle D, Reinhart K. Amino acid imbalance early in septic encephalopathy. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28(3):293–8. Rec#: 5460. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PubMed: 11904658]
  35. Batard E, Asseray N, Kenzi A, Gueffet I, Orsonneau JL, Potel G. [Role of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in the management of sepsis: Meningitis]. Interet de la proteine C-reactive et de la procalcitonine dans la prise en charge des sepsis: L'exemple de la meningite. Med. Ther. 2003;9(1-2):26–31. Rec#: 14500. Exclusion Codes: NRD, EXC.
  36. Baumgarten R, Pequeriaux NCV, Van Puyenbroek MJE, Speelberg B. Diagnosis of sepsis by procalcitonin: Is procalcitonine van additionele waarde bij de diagnostiek van sepsis? Ned. Tijdschr. Klin. Chem. 2002;27(1):32–35. Rec#: 14670. Exclusion Codes: NRD, EXC.
  37. Baykut D, Schulte-Herbruggen J, Krian A. The value of procalcitonin as an infection marker in cardiac surgery. Eur J Med Res. 2000;5(12):530–6. Rec#: 5910. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 11147997]
  38. Baylan O, Balkan A, Inal A, Kisa O, Albay A, Doganci L, Acikel CH. The predictive value of serum procalcitonin levels in adult patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006;59(3):164–7. Rec#: 8770. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 16785696]
  39. Becker KL, Snider R, Nylen ES. Procalcitonin assay in systemic inflammation, infection, and sepsis: clinical utility and limitations. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(3):941–52. Rec#: 1870. Exclusion Codes: NRD, EXC. [PubMed: 18431284]
  40. Becker KL, Snider R, Nylen ES. Procalcitonin in sepsis and systemic inflammation: a harmful biomarker and a therapeutic target. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;159(2):253–64. Rec#: 300. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC2825349] [PubMed: 20002097]
  41. Beghetti M, Rimensberger PC, Kalangos A, Habre W, Gervaix A. Kinetics of procalcitonin, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein after cardiopulmonary-bypass in children. Cardiol Young. 2003;13(2):161–7. Rec#: 9870. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 12887072]
  42. Bell K, Wattie M, Byth K, Silvestrini R, Clark P, Stachowski E, Benson EM. Procalcitonin: a marker of bacteraemia in SIRS. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2003;31(6):629–36. Rec#: 4500. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 14719423]
  43. Bellmann-Weiler R, Ausserwinkler M, Kurz K, Theurl I, Weiss G. Clinical potential of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin serum concentrations to guide differential diagnosis and clinical management of pneumococcal and Legionella pneumonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2010;48(5):1915–1917. Rec#: 15440. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC2863928] [PubMed: 20220163]
  44. Benador N, Siegrist CA, Gendrel D, Greder C, Benador D, Assicot M, Bohuon C, Girardin E. Procalcitonin is a marker of severity of renal lesions in pyelonephritis. Pediatrics. 1998;102(6):1422–5. Rec#: 10720. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PubMed: 9832579]
  45. Bender L, Thaarup J, Varming K, Krarup H, Ellermann-Eriksen S, Ebbesen F. Early and late markers for the detection of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Dan Med Bull. 2008;55(4):219–23. Rec#: 1040. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 19232162]
  46. Benhamou D. [Optimal duration of antibiotic therapy in community acquired pneumonia]. Durees optimales de l'antibiotherapie dans les pneumonies communautaires. Rev. Mal. Respir. 2009;26(4):458–460. Rec#: 12380. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 19421102]
  47. Benitz WE. Adjunct laboratory tests in the diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Clin. Perinatol. 2010;37(2):421–438. Rec#: 11410. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 20569816]
  48. Benoist JF, Mimoz O, Assicot M, Edouard A. Serum procalcitonin, but not C-reactive protein, identifies sepsis in trauma patients. Clin Chem. 1998;44(8 Pt 1):1778–9. Rec#: 6720. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 9702980]
  49. Beovic B, Kreft S, Osredkar J, Kese D, Bonac-Tuma B. Serum procalcitonin levels in patients with mild community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(12):1050–1. Rec#: 8990. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 16307566]
  50. Berger C, Schwarz S, Schaebitz WR, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Serum procalcitonin in cerebral ventriculitis. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(8):1778–81. Rec#: 5220. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PubMed: 12163792]
  51. Bergmann A, Bohuon C. Decrease of serum dipeptidylpeptidase activity in severe sepsis patients: relationship to procalcitonin. Clin Chim Acta. 2002;321(1-2):123–6. Rec#: 5320. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 12031601]
  52. Bernard L, Ferriere F, Casassus P, Malas F, Leveque S, Guillevin L, Lortholary O. Procalcitonin as an early marker of bacterial infection in severely neutropenic febrile adults. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(4):914–5. Rec#: 6640. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 9798066]
  53. Bernstein LH, Devakonda A, Engelman E, Pancer G, Ferraraf J, Rucinski J, Raoof S, George L, Melniker L. The role of procalcitonin in the diagnosis of sepsis and patient assignment to medical intensive care. J. Clin. Ligand Assay. 2007;30(3-4):98–104. Rec#: 13240. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC.
  54. Bewick T, Lim WS. Diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Expert Rev. Respir. Med. 2009;3(2):153–164. Rec#: 15790. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 20477309]
  55. Bhatia BD, Basu S. Newer diagnostic tests for bacterial diseases. Indian J Pediatr. 2007;74(7):673–7. Rec#: 8310. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 17699977]
  56. Bignardi GE, Dhar R, Heycock R, Bansal S, Majmudar N. Can procalcitonin testing reduce antibiotic prescribing for respiratory infections? Age Ageing. 2006;35(6):625–6. Rec#: 8730. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 16822805]
  57. Billeter A, Turina M, Seifert B, Mica L, Stocker R, Keel M. Early serum procalcitonin, interleukin-6, and 24-hour lactate clearance: useful indicators of septic infections in severely traumatized patients. World J Surg. 2009;33(3):558–66. Rec#: 1080. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 19148699]
  58. Bistrian BR. Acute phase proteins and the systemic inflammatory response. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(3):452–3. Rec#: 6550. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 10199509]
  59. Bitkover CY, Hansson LO, Valen G, Vaage J. Effects of cardiac surgery on some clinically used inflammation markers and procalcitonin. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2000;34(3):307–14. Rec#: 6070. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 10935779]
  60. Blijlevens NM, Donnelly JP, Meis JF, De Keizer MH, De Pauw BE. Procalcitonin does not discriminate infection from inflammation after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000;7(6):889–92. Rec#: 10480. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC95980] [PubMed: 11063493]
  61. Blommendahl J, Janas M, Laine S, Miettinen A, Ashorn P. Comparison of procalcitonin with CRP and differential white blood cell count for diagnosis of culture-proven neonatal sepsis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34(8):620–2. Rec#: 5120. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 12238581]
  62. Boeken U, Feindt P, Micek M, Petzold T, Schulte HD, Gams E. Procalcitonin (PCT) in cardiac surgery: diagnostic value in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and after heart transplantation (HTX). Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;8(7):550–4. Rec#: 5980. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 11068216]
  63. Boeken U, Feindt P, Mohan E, Petzold Th, Micek M, Gams E. The influence of extracorporeal circulation and inflammatory responses such as SIRS and sepsis on secretion of procalcitonin (PCT). J. Clin. Basic Cardiol. 1999;2(2):225–227. Rec#: 15020. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC.
  64. Boeken U, Feindt P, Petzold T, Klein M, Micek M, Seyfert UT, Mohan E, Schulte HD, Gams E. Diagnostic value of procalcitonin: the influence of cardiopulmonary bypass, aprotinin, SIRS, and sepsis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;46(6):348–51. Rec#: 6590. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 9928856]
  65. Bogar L, Molnar Z, Kenyeres P, Tarsoly P. Sedimentation characteristics of leucocytes can predict bacteraemia in critical care patients. J Clin Pathol. 2006;59(5):523–5. Rec#: 3410. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC1860278] [PubMed: 16533954]
  66. Bogar L, Molnar Z, Tarsoly P, Kenyeres P, Marton S. Serum procalcitonin level and leukocyte antisedimentation rate as early predictors of respiratory dysfunction after oesophageal tumour resection. Crit Care. 2006;10(4):R110. Rec#: 3240. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC1750987] [PubMed: 16859526]
  67. Bollu M, Marte-Grau AC, Bobba RK. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic use in acute respiratory tract infections. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(7):716. Rec#: 7450. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 19365003]
  68. Bonac B, Derganc M, Wraber B, Hojker S. Interleukin-8 and procalcitonin in early diagnosis of early severe bacterial infection in critically ill neonates. Pflugers Arch. 2000;440(5 Suppl):R72–4. Rec#: 6020. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 11005618]
  69. Boo NY, Nor Azlina AA, Rohana J. Usefulness of a semi-quantitative procalcitonin test kit for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Singapore Med J. 2008;49(3):204–8. Rec#: 1990. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 18363001]
  70. Bossink AW, Groeneveld AB, Thijs LG. Prediction of microbial infection and mortality in medical patients with fever: plasma procalcitonin, neutrophilic elastase-alpha1-antitrypsin, and lactoferrin compared with clinical variables. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29(2):398–407. Rec#: 6420. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 10476749]
  71. Bota DP, Van Nuffelen M, Zakariah AN, Vincent JL. Serum levels of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in critically ill patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Lab Clin Med. 2005;146(6):347–51. Rec#: 3570. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 16310518]
  72. Bottner F, Wegner A, Winkelmann W, Becker K, Erren M, Gotze C. Interleukin-6, procalcitonin and TNF-alpha: markers of peri-prosthetic infection following total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89(1):94–9. Rec#: 2970. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PubMed: 17259424]
  73. Bouadma L, Luyt CE, Tubach F, Chastre J, Wolff M. Procalcitonin in intensive care units: the PRORATA trial - Authors' reply. Lancet. 2010;375(9726):1606–1607. Rec#: 11430. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 20452516]
  74. Bouros D, Anevlavis S. Scoring systems in community acquired pneumonia. Pneumon. 2009;22(4) Rec#: 12070. Exclusion Codes: NRD, EXC.
  75. Boussekey N, Leroy O, Alfandari S, Devos P, Georges H, Guery B. Procalcitonin kinetics in the prognosis of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32(3):469–72. Rec#: 3450. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 16477418]
  76. Boussekey N, Leroy O, Georges H, Devos P, d'Escrivan T, Guery B. Diagnostic and prognostic values of admission procalcitonin levels in community-acquired pneumonia in an intensive care unit. Infection. 2005;33(4):257–63. Rec#: 3690. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC7102380] [PubMed: 16091896]
  77. Bressan S, Andreola B, Zucchetta P, Montini G, Burei M, Perilongo G, Da Dalt L. Procalcitonin as a predictor of renal scarring in infants and young children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24(6):1199–204. Rec#: 7560. Exclusion Codes: SMN, EXC. [PubMed: 19205751]
  78. Briel M, Christ-Crain M, Young J, Schuetz P, Huber P, Periat P, Bucher HC, Muller B. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic use versus a standard approach for acute respiratory tract infections in primary care: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial and baseline characteristics of participating general practitioners. BMC Fam Pract. 2005;6:34. Rec#: 9090. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC1190167] [PubMed: 16107222]
  79. Brines R, Thorne M. Clinical consensus on COPD. Respir. Med. COPD Update. 2007;3(2):42–48. Rec#: 13340. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC.
  80. Brodska H, Drabek T, Malickova K, Kazda A, Vitek A, Zima T, Markova M. Marked increase of procalcitonin after the administration of anti-thymocyte globulin in patients before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation does not indicate sepsis: a prospective study. Crit Care. 2009;13(2):R37. Rec#: 1010. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PMC free article: PMC2689473] [PubMed: 19291300]
  81. Brown JS. Biomarkers and community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2009;64(7):556–8. Rec#: 7320. Exclusion Codes: NDE, EXC. [PubMed: 19561275]
  82. Brown RO, Alexander E Jr, Hanes SD, Wood GC, Kudsk KA, Dickerson RN. Procalcitonin and enteral nutrition tolerance in critically ill patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2003;27(1):84–8. Rec#: 5010. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 12549604]
  83. Brunkhorst FM. Endotoxins in chronic heart failure. Lancet. 1999;354(9178):599–600. Rec#: 10670. Exclusion Codes: NRD, EXC. [PubMed: 10470730]
  84. Brunkhorst FM, Al-Nawas B, Krummenauer F, Forycki ZF, Shah PM. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and APACHE II score for risk evaluation in patients with severe pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002;8(2):93–100. Rec#: 5390. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 11952722]
  85. Brunkhorst FM, Clark AL, Forycki ZF, Anker SD. Pyrexia, procalcitonin, immune activation and survival in cardiogenic shock: the potential importance of bacterial translocation. Int J Cardiol. 1999;72(1):3–10. Rec#: 6320. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 10636626]
  86. Brunkhorst FM, Eberhard OK, Brunkhorst R. Discrimination of infectious and noninfectious causes of early acute respiratory distress syndrome by procalcitonin. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(10):2172–6. Rec#: 6360. Exclusion Codes: NRO, EXC. [PubMed: 10548201]
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