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Excerpt
The goal of this book is to "be your guide" and say "see here and see there" as the reader becomes skilled in the techniques and analysis of clinical data. This third edition of Clinical Methods has undergone substantial revision based upon feedback from students and other users of the first two editions. These changes enhance the usefulness of the book and help us to achieve our goal of providing clinicians and students with the best current knowledge of the techniques of collecting and using clinical data.
Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Part I. Introduction
- The Case of Richard CabotCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 1. The Origins of the History and Physical
ExaminationH. Kenneth Walker.
- Hippocrates: A Rational Profession 460–370 b.c
- Vesalius: Establishment of an Accurate Anatomy, 1543
- Sydenham: The Nosology of Disease, 1666
- Morgagni: The Foundation of Pathologic Anatomy, 1761
- Auenbrugger: The Discovery of Percussion, 1761
- Laennec: The Stethoscope, 1816
- Pierre Louis: The French School, 1800–1850
- Johannes Mueller: The German School, 1830–1900
- Helmholtz: The Ophthalmoscope, 1850
- Carl Wunderlich: The Thermometer, 1871
- Erb and Westphal: The Reflex Hammer, 1875
- Riva Rocci: The Sphygmomanometer, 1896
- The Clinical History
- Clinical Methods in the United States
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 2. Collecting and Analyzing Data: Doing and
ThinkingDavid A. Nardone.
- Chapter 3. The Medical InterviewPeter R. Lichstein.
- Chapter 4. The Physical ExaminationEarl W. Campbell JR and Christopher K. Lynn.
- Chapter 5. Use of the LaboratoryCraig Kaplan.
- Chapter 6. Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive ValueDavid Simon and John R. Boring III.
- The Case of Richard Cabot
- Part II. The Cardiovascular System
- Herrick and Heart DiseaseCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 7. An Overview of the Cardiovascular SystemJoel M. Felner.
- Chapter 8. Exercise CapacityRobert E. Goldstein.
- Chapter 9. Chest Pain or DiscomfortDavid H. Hickam.
- Chapter 10. PalpitationsDavid M. Mirvis.
- Chapter 11. Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal DyspneaVaskar Mukerji.
- Chapter 12. SyncopeWishwa N. Kapoor.
- Chapter 13. ClaudicationRobert B. Smith III.
- Chapter 14. History of Cardiovascular DiseaseHarry R. Gibbs.
- Chapter 15. Family History of Heart DiseaseMark E. Silverman.
- Chapter 16. Blood PressureWalter A. Brzezinski.
- Chapter 17. PulseJohn F. Moran.
- Chapter 18. Bruits and Hums of the Head and NeckKenneth J. Kurtz.
- Chapter 19. The Jugular Venous Pressure and Pulse ContourMark M. Applefeld.
- Chapter 20. The Carotid PulseDouglas C. Morris.
- Chapter 21. Precordial ImpulsesHoward S. Rosman.
- Chapter 22. The First Heart SoundJoel M. Felner.
- Chapter 23. The Second Heart SoundJoel M. Felner.
- Chapter 24. The Third Heart SoundMark E. Silverman.
- Chapter 25. The Fourth Heart SoundEric S. Williams.
- Chapter 26. Systolic MurmursMartin A. Alpert.
- Chapter 27. Diastolic MurmursI. Sylvia Crawley.
- Chapter 28. Ejection ClicksWilliam R. Jacobs.
- Chapter 29. EdemaKenneth R. Phelps.
- Chapter 30. Examination of the Extremities: Pulses, Bruits, and PhlebitisR. Dean Hill and Robert B. Smith III.
- Chapter 31. Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Associated LipoproteinsRafael A. Cox and Mario R. García-Palmieri.
- Chapter 32. Creatine KinaseC. Daniel Cabaniss.
- Chapter 33. ElectrocardiographyR. Joe Noble, J Stanley Hillis, and Donald A. Rothbaum.
- Chapter 34. Chest Roentgenography for Cardiovascular
EvaluationEric Manheimer.
- Herrick and Heart Disease
- Part III. The Pulmonary System
- Trudeau at Lake SaranacCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 35. An Overview of the Pulmonary
SystemEric Honig.
- Chapter 36. DyspneaJohn B. Bass JR.
- Chapter 37. Wheezing and AsthmaHenry Gong JR.
- Chapter 38. Cough and Sputum ProductionSattar Farzan.
- Chapter 39. HemoptysisRalph Corey.
- Chapter 40. Tobacco UseMohamed S. Al-Ibrahim and Joyce Y. Gross.
- Chapter 41. Environmental InhalationJames P Whalen and Ruy V LourenÇo.
- Chapter 42. Past Pulmonary DiseaseP. Bailey Francis.
- Chapter 43. Respiratory Rate and PatternSheldon R. Braun.
- Chapter 44. ClubbingStephen J. McPhee.
- Chapter 45. CyanosisH. L. Snider.
- Chapter 46. Chest ExaminationPeter G. Tuteur.
- Chapter 47. Skin Testing for TuberculosisClifford C. Dacso.
- Chapter 48. Chest Roentgenography for Pulmonary
EvaluationMichael Boyars.
- Chapter 49. Arterial Blood GasesE. P. Trulock III.
- Trudeau at Lake Saranac
- Part IV. The Neurologic System
- Weir Mitchell of PhiladelphiaCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 50. An Overview of the Nervous SystemH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 51. Episodic Neurologic SymptomsDavid C. Good.
- Chapter 52. Pain and Sensory PerversionsReynolds G. Jarvis.
- Chapter 53. Muscle CrampsLawrence Z. Stern and Charles Bernick.
- Chapter 54. HeadacheG. Kim Bigley.
- Chapter 55. Cerebrovascular DiseaseDavid C. Good.
- Chapter 56. EpilepsyCharles M. Epstein.
- Chapter 57. Level of ConsciousnessSuzie C. Tindall.
- Chapter 58. The PupilsRobert H. Spector.
- Chapter 59. Cranial Nerve I: The Olfactory NerveH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 60. Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI: The Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens Nerves
- Chapter 61. Cranial Nerve V: The Trigeminal NerveH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 62. Cranial Nerve VII: The Facial Nerve and TasteH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 63. Cranial Nerves IX and X: The Glossopharyngeal and Vagus NervesH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 64. Cranial Nerve XI: The Spinal Accessory
NerveH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 65. Cranial Nerve XII: The Hypoglossal NerveH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 66. Speech and Other Lateralizing Cortical
FunctionsH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 67. SensationG. Kim Bigley.
- Chapter 68. The Motor System and GaitLawrence Z. Stern and Charles Bernick.
- Chapter 69. The CerebellumH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 70. Involuntary MovementsH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 71. The Suck, Snout, Palmomental, and Grasp ReflexesH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 72. Deep Tendon ReflexesH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 73. The Plantar ReflexH. Kenneth Walker.
- Chapter 74. Cerebrospinal FluidRafael Jurado and H. Kenneth Walker.
- Weir Mitchell of Philadelphia
- Part V. The Autonomic Nervous System
- Cannon of HarvardCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 75. An Overview of the Autonomic Nervous SystemW. Dallas Hall.
- Chapter 76. Clinical Evidence of DysautonomiaMichael J. Reichgott.
- Chapter 77. Sleep DisturbancesRené E Cormier.
- Chapter 78. Bedside Evaluation of the Autonomic SystemAnthony L. Barbato.
- Chapter 79. Laboratory Evaluation of the Autonomic SystemNorman G. Soler.
- Cannon of Harvard
- Part VI. The Gastrointestinal System
- William Beaumont, the Man and the OpportunityCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 80. An Overview of the Gastrointestinal
SystemCharles M. Ferguson.
- Chapter 81. The Nutritional HistoryThomas E. Edes.
- Chapter 82. DysphagiaDouglas C. Wolf.
- Chapter 83. Indigestion and HeartburnHoward Schachter.
- Chapter 84. Nausea and VomitingWilliam F. Maule.
- Chapter 85. Hematemesis, Melena, and HematocheziaI. Dodd Wilson.
- Chapter 86. Abdominal PainRoger Sherman.
- Chapter 87. JaundiceAlfred E. Stillman.
- Chapter 88. DiarrheaTimothy A. Woods.
- Chapter 89. ConstipationMarshall Sparberg.
- Chapter 90. Abdominal GasRené E Cormier.
- Chapter 91. The Alcohol Drinking HistoryMichael Phillips.
- Chapter 92. History of Past Gastrointestinal DiseasesEapen Thomas.
- Chapter 93. Inspection, Auscultation, Palpation, and Percussion of the AbdomenCharles M. Ferguson.
- Chapter 94. Evaluation of the Size, Shape, and Consistency of the LiverDouglas C. Wolf.
- Chapter 95. Auscultation of the LiverJoseph E. Hardison.
- Chapter 96. Inguinal Canal and Hernia ExaminationJ. Richard Amerson.
- Chapter 97. The Rectal ExaminationMichael J. McFarlane.
- Chapter 98. Tests for Fecal Occult BloodJ. Donald Ostrow.
- Chapter 99. AminotransferasesDavid H. Vroon and Zafar Israili.
- Chapter 100. Alkaline Phosphatase and Gamma GlutamyltransferaseDavid H. Vroon and Zafar Israili.
- Chapter 101. Serum Albumin and GlobulinJanice T. Busher.
- Chapter 102. Abdominal RoentgenographyRichard M. Gore.
- William Beaumont, the Man and the Opportunity
- Part VII. The Skin and Appendages
- Goldberger and the Mal de la RosaCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 103. An Overview of the Skin and
AppendagesMarilynne McKay.
- Chapter 104. The Dermatologic HistoryMarilynne McKay.
- Chapter 105. SkinChristopher M. Papa.
- Chapter 106. Urticaria and AngioedemaJames R. Bonner.
- Chapter 107. HairChristopher M. Papa.
- Chapter 108. NailsMark Holzberg.
- Chapter 109. Office Techniques for Dermatologic
DiagnosisMarilynne McKay.
- Goldberger and the Mal de la Rosa
- Part VIII. The Eye
- The EyeCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 110. An Overview of the Ocular SystemAlan Kozarsky.
- Chapter 111. Visual Acuity ChangeJeffrey H. Levenson and Alan Kozarsky.
- Chapter 112. Eye PainAlan Kozarsky.
- Chapter 113. DiplopiaRobert H. Spector.
- Chapter 114. The External Eye ExaminationFrank C. Bell.
- Chapter 115. Visual AcuityJeffrey H. Levenson and Alan Kozarsky.
- Chapter 116. Visual FieldsRobert H. Spector.
- Chapter 117. The Funduscopic ExaminationHenry Schneiderman.
- Chapter 118. TonometryPatrick C. Alguire.
- The Eye
- Part IX. The Ear, Nose, Mouth, and Throat
- IX. The Ear, Nose, Mouth, and ThroatCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 119. An Overview of the Head and
NeckJohn S. Turner JR.
- Chapter 120. Auditory Dysfunction: Hearing LossJohn S. Turner JR. and John H. Per-Lee.
- Chapter 121. Auditory Dysfunction: TinnitusJohn S. Turner JR.
- Chapter 122. Otalgia and OtorrheaJohn S. Turner JR.
- Chapter 123. Vertigo and Associated SymptomsHorst R. Konrad.
- Chapter 124. EpistaxisWilliam J. Grist.
- Chapter 125. HoarsenessWilliam J. Grist.
- Chapter 126. The Ear and Auditory SystemJohn S. Turner JR.
- Chapter 127. Vertigo and DisequilibriumHorst R. Konrad.
- Chapter 128. The NoseJohn S. Turner JR.
- Chapter 129. The Oral Cavity and Associated StructuresWilliam B. Walker.
- Chapter 130. The TongueCharles M. Huguley JR.
- Chapter 131. The Salivary GlandsWilliam J. Grist.
- Chapter 132. The Tonsils and PharynxWilliam J. Grist.
- Chapter 133. AudiometryAnne Z. Saunders, Andrea Vallen Stein, and Nancy Lite Shuster.
- IX. The Ear, Nose, Mouth, and Throat
- Part X. The Endocrine System
- The Endocrine SystemCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 134. An Overview of the Endocrine
SystemVictor Silverman.
- Chapter 135. Thyroid DiseaseJohn S. Melish.
- Chapter 136. Diabetes MellitusMark E. Molitch.
- Chapter 137. Body Size and HabitusSteven L. Zinn.
- Chapter 138. Neck and Thyroid ExaminationTerry J. Smith.
- Chapter 139. GlucosuriaSteven L. Cowart and Max E. Stachura.
- Chapter 140. KetonuriaJohn P. Comstock and Alan J. Garber.
- Chapter 141. Blood GlucoseJ. Michael McMillin.
- Chapter 142. Thyroid Function TestsDickson B. Dunlap.
- Chapter 143. Serum CalciumDavid A. Goldstein.
- Chapter 144. Abbreviated Tests of Endocrine FunctionLouis F. Amorosa.
- Definition and Technique
- Serum Prolactin
- Serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Testosterone, and Estradiol
- Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- Serum Growth Hormone, Somatomedin C
- Serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Test
- Plasma ACTH and Serum Cortisol, Overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test, Cortrosyn Stimulation Test, Overnight Metyrapone Challenge Test
- The Endocrine System
- Part XI. The Hematopoietic System
- The Hematopoietic SystemCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 145. An Overview of the Hematopoietic
SystemCharles M. Huguley JR.
- Chapter 146. Excessive Bleeding and BruisingR. L. Palmer.
- Chapter 147. AnemiaMarcel E. Conrad.
- Chapter 148. PicaBruce E. Johnson.
- Chapter 149. LymphadenopathyMichael Karpf.
- Chapter 150. SpleenJames O. Armitage.
- Chapter 151. Hemoglobin and HematocritHenny H. Billett.
- Chapter 152. Red Cell IndicesP. Ravi Sarma.
- Chapter 153. The White Blood Cell and Differential CountMartin S. Blumenreich.
- Chapter 154. PlateletsPatrick J. Stiff.
- Chapter 155. Peripheral Blood SmearEdward C. Lynch.
- Chapter 156. ReticulocytesJ. David Bessman.
- Chapter 157. Coagulation TestsMartin N. Raber.
- The Hematopoietic System
- Part XII. The Musculoskeletal System
- The Musculoskeletal SystemCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 158. An Overview of the Musculoskeletal SystemStephen B. Miller.
- Chapter 159. Rheumatic PainJoe G. Hardin.
- Chapter 160. ArthralgiaJoe G. Hardin.
- Chapter 161. Regional (Nonarticular) RheumatismJoe G. Hardin.
- Chapter 162. Temporomandibular Joint PainRoger A. Meyer.
- Chapter 163. The Temporomandibular Joint ExaminationRoger A. Meyer.
- Chapter 164. The Musculoskeletal ExaminationColon H. Wilson.
- Chapter 165. Uric AcidWalter G. Barr.
- Chapter 166. Joint FluidAlice Faryna and Kim Goldenberg.
- Chapter 167. Immunologic TestsDeborah A. Wilson.
- The Musculoskeletal System
- Part XIII. Female Genitalia and Breasts
- Female Genitalia and BreastsCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 168. An Overview of the Female Genitalia and BreastsW. Newton Long.
- Chapter 169. Breast PainR. Waldo Powell.
- Chapter 170. Breast LumpMichael C. Perry.
- Chapter 171. Pelvic PainW. Newton Long.
- Chapter 172. Vaginal DischargeGene B. Bishop.
- Chapter 173. Abnormal Vaginal BleedingW. Newton Long.
- Chapter 174. Birth ControlRobert A. Hatcher and Deborah Kowal.
- Chapter 175. Nipple DischargeMichele Barry.
- Chapter 176. Breast ExaminationR. Waldo Powell.
- Chapter 177. Pelvic ExaminationW. Newton Long.
- Chapter 178. Pap TestZuher M. Naib.
- Chapter 179. Tests on Vaginal DischargeKaren G. Kelly.
- Female Genitalia and Breasts
- Part XIV. The Genitourinary System
- The Genitourinary SystemCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 180. An Overview of the Genitourinary SystemJ. Maxwell White JR.
- Chapter 181. Dysuria, Frequency, and UrgencyKeith Wrenn.
- Chapter 182. Flank PainAnton J. Bueschen.
- Chapter 183. NocturiaLeonard L. Vertuno and Gregory A. Kozeny.
- Chapter 184. HematuriaWanda G. Kirkpatrick.
- Chapter 185. Incontinence and Stream AbnormalitiesJ. Maxwell White JR and David P. O'Brien III.
- Chapter 186. Testicular PainStanley L. Wiener.
- Chapter 187. Organic ImpotenceJack Ende.
- Chapter 188. History of Genitourinary DiseaseArthur Greenberg.
- Chapter 189. External Male GenitaliaJ. Maxwell White JR and David P. O'Brien III.
- Chapter 190. Prostate ExaminationJ. Maxwell White JR and David P. O'Brien III.
- Chapter 191. UrinalysisDavid M. Roxe.
- Chapter 192. ProteinuriaLeon G. Fine and Saleh Salehmoghaddam.
- Chapter 193. BUN and CreatinineAdrian O. Hosten.
- Chapter 194. Serum SodiumGeorge L. Ackerman.
- Chapter 195. Serum PotassiumAsghar Rastegar.
- Chapter 196. Serum Total Carbon DioxideRobert M. Centor.
- Chapter 197. Serum ChlorideGail Morrison.
- Chapter 198. Serum Inorganic PhosphorusVinod K. Bansal.
- The Genitourinary System
- Part XV. The Psychiatric System
- The Psychiatric SystemCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 199. An Overview of the Psychiatric
SystemJohn B. Griffin JR.
- Chapter 200. Previous Psychiatric ProblemsJohn B. Griffin JR.
- Chapter 201. Interpersonal RelationshipsJohn B. Griffin JR.
- Chapter 202. AnxietyJohn B. Griffin JR.
- Chapter 203. DepressionJohn B. Griffin JR.
- Chapter 204. Loss of ControlJohn B. Griffin JR.
- Chapter 205. Psychological Disturbances of Vegetative FunctionJohn B. Griffin JR.
- Chapter 206. Substance AbuseJohn B. Griffin JR.
- Chapter 207. The Mental Status
ExaminationDavid C. Martin.
- Chapter 208. Frequently Performed Psychological TestsWade Silverman.
- The Psychiatric System
- Part XVI. The General Examination
- The General ExaminationCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 209. An Overview of the General ExaminationW. Dallas Hall.
- Chapter 210. Weight ChangeKim Goldenberg.
- Chapter 211. Fever, Chills, and Night SweatsLawrence Dall and James F. Stanford.
- Chapter 212. DizzinessBrendan M. Reilly.
- Chapter 213. Weakness and FatigueJohn H. Holbrook.
- Chapter 214. Allergic Drug ReactionsJames R. Philp.
- Chapter 215. The Family HistoryCharles E. Driscoll.
- Chapter 216. The Sexual HistoryMalcolm G. Freeman.
- Chapter 217. General
AppearanceSteven L. Berk and Abraham Verghese.
- Chapter 218. TemperatureVictor E. Del Bene.
- Chapter 219. Special Screening TestsDavid T. Lush.
- Chapter 220. Laboratory Evaluation of Infectious Disease EmergenciesStephen G. Baum.
- The General Examination
- Part XVII. Special Patient Groups
- Special Patient GroupsCharles Stewart Roberts.
- Chapter 221. An Overview of Special Patient GroupsRobert W. Putsch III.
- Chapter 222. Growth and DevelopmentAlbert Rauber.
- Chapter 223. The Adolescent PatientH. Verdain Barnes.
- Chapter 224. The Well AdultRuth B. Hoppe.
- Chapter 225. The Elderly PatientPaul Beck.
- Chapter 226. The Contagious PatientJack D. McCue.
- Chapter 227. The Traveling PatientJonas A. Shulman and Allan Morrison JR.
- Chapter 228. The "Difficult" Medical PatientSteven A. Cohen-Cole.
- Chapter 229. Dealing with Patients from Other CulturesRobert W. Putsch III and Marlie Joyce.
- Special Patient Groups
Illustrations by Leon Schlossberg and Charles H Boyter.
Every effort has been made to ensure that drug dosage schedules within the text are accurate and conform to standards accepted at time of publication. However, as treatment recommendations vary in the light of continuing research and clinical experience, the reader is advised to verify drug dosage schedules herein with information found on product information sheets. This is espescially true in cases of new or infrequently used drugs.
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