Characteristics of Included Publications

First Author,
Publication
Year, Country

Types and
numbers of
primary
studies
included^a

Population
Characteristics^a

Comparisons^a

Clinical Outcomes,
Length of Follow-Up^a

Shoulder

Bannuru,³
2014,
USA

Aim: to assess efficacy of SWT for calcific or noncalcific tendinitis of the shoulder

14 RCTs
(published: 1999 to 2012)

Patients with chronic tendinitis of the shoulder

SWT vs plb, or no tx:
N = 575,
Age (mean) (years) = 52 to 56 (NR in 2 RCTs)
% Female = 39 to 61 (NR in 2 RCTs)
Symptom duration (month): 6 to 12

SWT vs exercise:
N = 104,
Age (mean) (years) = 48
% Female = 50
Symptom duration (month): 3

SWT vs radiation tx
N = 60
Age (mean) (years) = 53 (NR in 1 RCT)
% Female = 50 (NR in 1 RCT)
Symptom duration (month): 6 (NR in 1 RCT)

SWT vs TENS
N = 60
Age (mean) (years) = 57
% Female = 65
Symptom duration (month): 6

SWT vs no tx (1 RCT),
SWT vs plb (9 RCTs)
SWT vs exercise (1 RCT),
SWT vs radiation tx (2 RCTs),
SWT vs TENS (1 RCT)

The type of SWT used varied: energy values between 0.07 mJ/mm2 and 0.55 mJ/mm²; number of pulses between 1500 and 6000; number of doses between 1 and 5.

Pain, function, (Scales used: VAS, CMS, SPADI, function subscale of UCLA shoulder rating scale)

AE

Duration of FU (month): 3 to 12

Huisstede,⁷
2011,
Netherlands

8 RCTs
(published: 1999 to 2008)

Patients with calcific and non-calcific rotator cuff tendinosis

N = 475
Age: NR
% Female: NR
Symptom duration: NR

ESWT vs plb, no tx, or radiotherapy

The type of ESWT used varied: energy values between 0.1 mJ/mm² and 0.55 mJ/mm²; number of pulses and sessions varied and was not reported in all cases

Pain level, function level, subjective improvement.
(Scales used: VAS, CMS [also referred to as Constant score], UCLA shoulder rating scale)

Duration of FU: 4 weeks to 12 months

Louwerens,²
2016,
Netherlands

8 RCTs and 1 non-randomized study
(published: 2002 to 2014)

Adult patients with chronic calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy

N = 346
Age (mean) (year): 47 to 57
Female/Male ratio: 0.7 to 8.7
Symptom duration : 6 months to 5 years (7 RCTs) and NR (1 RCT)

H-SWT

Energy varied between 0.20 mJ/mm² and 0.55 mJ/mm²; number of pulses between 1,000 and 2,400; and number of sessions between 1 and 4.

Pain level, function level.
(Scales used: ASES, SST, VAS, CMS)

AE

Duration of longest FU (months): 6 to 48

Speed,⁶
2014,
UK

6 RCTs
(published: 2001 to 2009)

Patients with calcific or non-calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy

N = 448
Age: NR
% Female: NR
Symptom duration: NR

FSWT vs Sham

Energy varied between 0.11 mJ/mm² and 0.78 mJ/mm²; number of pulses between 1,200 and 6,000; and number of sessions between 2 and 4.

Pain level
(Scales: CMS, SPADI).

Duration of FU: 12 weeks to 12 months

Elbow

Bisset, ¹¹
2011,
Australia

2 SRs: 1 SR published in 2005, included 10 RCTs and 1 SR published in 2006 included 8 RCTs), and 2 RCTs
(published in 2003 and 2008)

Patients with chronic tennis elbow

SWT vs sham:
1SR include 9 RCTs with 1006 patients;
1 SR included 8 RCTs with 834 patients; I RCT with 68 patients

SWT vs injection:
1 RCT with 93 patients

Age: NR
% Female: NR
Symptom duration: NR

SWT vs Sham: 2 SRs and 1 RCT

SWT vs corticosteroid injection plus anesthetic injection: 1 RCT

Pain level, function (VAS, DASH, 8 item pain-free function index, pain-free grip strength).
AE

Duration of FU: 4 weeks to 6 months

Dion,¹
2016,
Canada

5 RCTs
(published 2002 to 2014)

Adults with soft tissue injury of the elbow (lateral epicondyle pain)

SWT vs sham
N = 523 (4 RCTs)

SWT vs LLLT:
N = 60 (1 RCT)

Age: ≥ 18 ( in 3 RCTs), 18 to 60 in 1 RCT, and 31 to 65 in 1 RCT.
% Female: NR
Symptom duration: NR

SWT vs sham or LLLT.

SWT intensity: 0.06 mJ/mm² to 0.18 mJ/ mm², or 1 to 1.6 bar

Pain, tenderness, function

(VAS, SF-MPQ APS, SF-MPQ PPI, SF-MPQ SPS, SF-MPQ TPS)

AE

Duration of FU: 1 week to 12 months

Dingemanse,¹⁰
2014,
Netherlands

1 SR published in 2005 and including 10 RCTs; as well as 5 individual RCTs
(published: 2005 to 2011)

Patients with epicondylitis

N = 1099 in SR,
N = NR in the included individual RCTs

Age: NR
% Female: NR
Symptom duration: NR

SWT vs placebo or injection (in SR)

SWT vs plb, physical therapy (combination of hot pack, ultrasound and friction message); or percutaneous tenotomy

Pain, grip strength, general improvement (specifics not presented)

Duration of FU: 1 month to 12 months

Speed,⁶
2014,
UK

5 RCTs (Lebrun 2005, Pettrone 2005, Rompe 2004, Speed 2002, and Haake 2002)

Patients with chronic recalcitrant common extensor tendinopathy (lateral epicondylitis)

N = 598

Age: NR
% Female: NR
Symptom duration: NR

FSWT (low dose) vs control group

FSWT intensity 0.03 mJ/ mm² to .17 mJ/mm², number of pulses: 1500 to 2000 and 3 sessions)

Pain, success rate (> 50 % reduction in pain)

Duration of FU: 12 weeks

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Bookshelf ID: NBK395744

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Shockwave Therapy for Pain Associated with Upper Extremity Orthopedic Disorders: A Review of the Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness [Internet].

APPENDIX 2Characteristics of Included Publications

Table A1Characteristics of Included Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

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