U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

GZMB granzyme B [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 3002, updated on 10-Dec-2024

Summary

Go to the top of the page Help
Official Symbol
GZMBprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
granzyme Bprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:4709
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000100453 MIM:123910; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4709
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
C11; HLP; CCPI; CGL1; CSPB; SECT; CGL-1; CSP-B; CTLA1; CTSGL1
Summary
This gene encodes a member of the granzyme subfamily of proteins, part of the peptidase S1 family of serine proteases. The encoded preproprotein is secreted by natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and proteolytically processed to generate the active protease, which induces target cell apoptosis. This protein also processes cytokines and degrades extracellular matrix proteins, and these roles are implicated in chronic inflammation and wound healing. Expression of this gene may be elevated in human patients with cardiac fibrosis. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2016]
Expression
Biased expression in bone marrow (RPKM 19.1), lymph node (RPKM 15.2) and 13 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

Go to the top of the page Help
See GZMB in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
14q12
Exon count:
5
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 14 NC_000014.9 (24630954..24634190, complement)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 14 NC_060938.1 (18829837..18833074, complement)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 14 NC_000014.8 (25100160..25103396, complement)

Chromosome 14 - NC_000014.9Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr14:25074973-25075472 Neighboring gene cathepsin G Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105370413 Neighboring gene CDK7 strongly-dependent group 2 enhancer GRCh37_chr14:25102775-25103974 Neighboring gene BRD4-independent group 4 enhancer GRCh37_chr14:25108089-25109288 Neighboring gene granzyme H Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8219 Neighboring gene P300/CBP strongly-dependent group 1 enhancer GRCh37_chr14:25142536-25143735 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8221 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 5644 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 8222 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124903293 Neighboring gene syntaxin binding protein 6 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124903294

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Go to the top of the page Help

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

Go to the top of the page Help
  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

Go to the top of the pageHelp

Related articles in PubMed

  1. Low expression of Granzyme B in colorectal cancer is associated with signs of early metastastic invasion. Salama P, et al. Histopathology, 2011 Aug. PMID 21884199
  2. Risk of generalized vitiligo is associated with the common 55R-94A-247H variant haplotype of GZMB (encoding granzyme B). Ferrara TM, et al. J Invest Dermatol, 2013 Jun. PMID 23321921, Free PMC Article
  3. Granzyme B cleavage of fibronectin disrupts endothelial cell adhesion, migration and capillary tube formation. Hendel A, et al. Matrix Biol, 2013 Jan. PMID 23228447
  4. CVID patients with autoimmunity have elevated T cell expression of granzyme B and HLA-DR and reduced levels of Treg cells. Carter CR, et al. J Clin Pathol, 2013 Feb. PMID 23172556
  5. Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes induce granzyme B by NK cells through expression of host-Hsp70. Böttger E, et al. PLoS One, 2012. PMID 22438997, Free PMC Article

See all (337) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Identifying the association between polymorphisms in the GZMB and IFIH1 genes and psoriasis in Egyptians.
    Title: Identifying the association between polymorphisms in the GZMB and IFIH1 genes and psoriasis in Egyptians.
  2. Granzyme B is elevated in esophageal biopsies from children with eosinophilic esophagitis.
    Title: Granzyme B is elevated in esophageal biopsies from children with eosinophilic esophagitis.
  3. Molecular and clinicopathological features of granzyme B-negative extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma.
    Title: Molecular and clinicopathological features of granzyme B-negative extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma.
  4. Does the expression of granzyme B participate in inflammation, fibrosis, and fertility of hydatid cysts?
    Title: Does the expression of granzyme B participate in inflammation, fibrosis, and fertility of hydatid cysts?
  5. NK cell-derived extracellular granzyme B drives epithelial ulceration during HSV-2 genital infection.
    Title: NK cell-derived extracellular granzyme B drives epithelial ulceration during HSV-2 genital infection.
  6. The mRNA expression and secretion of granzyme B are up-regulated via the histamine H2 receptor in human CD4[+] T cells.
    Title: The mRNA expression and secretion of granzyme B are up-regulated via the histamine H2 receptor in human CD4(+) T cells.
  7. Human granzyme B binds Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70-x and mediates antiplasmodial activity in vitro.
    Title: Human granzyme B binds Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70-x and mediates antiplasmodial activity in vitro.
  8. A robust gene prognostic index composed of GZMB, IRF1, and TP63 can stratify the risk of two metastatic urothelial carcinoma cohorts based on immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
    Title: A robust gene prognostic index composed of GZMB, IRF1, and TP63 can stratify the risk of two metastatic urothelial carcinoma cohorts based on immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
  9. Granzyme B Contributes to Choroidal Neovascularization and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Through Proteolysis of Thrombospondin-1.
    Title: Granzyme B Contributes to Choroidal Neovascularization and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Through Proteolysis of Thrombospondin-1.
  10. Clonally expanded, thyrotoxic effector CD8[+] T cells driven by IL-21 contribute to checkpoint inhibitor thyroiditis.
    Title: Clonally expanded, thyrotoxic effector CD8(+) T cells driven by IL-21 contribute to checkpoint inhibitor thyroiditis.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (262)

Phenotypes

Go to the top of the page Help

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Variant of TYR and autoimmunity susceptibility loci in generalized vitiligo.
EBI GWAS Catalog

Variation

Go to the top of the page Help

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

HIV-1 interactions

Go to the top of the page Help

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Tat tat HIV-1 Tat-mediated granzyme B release is dose-dependent in primary human T cells PubMed
Vif vif HIV-1 Vif upregulates the expression of granzyme B (GZMB, granzyme 2, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated serine esterase 1) in Vif-expression T cells PubMed
capsid gag HIV-1 infected CCR5+ memory CD4+ T cells upregulate granzyme B and HIV-1 CA production and increase the ratio of granzyme B to CA compared to infected CCR5- cells PubMed
gag Unactivated memory CD4+ T cells infected by HIV-1 in the presence of IL-2 and IL-15 alone or IL-6/IL-7/TNF-alpha combination, upregulate granzyme B and HIV-1 CA production PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Pathways from PubChem

Go to the top of the page

Interactions

Go to the top of the page Help
Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

Go to the top of the page Help

Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables serine-type endopeptidase activity EXP
Inferred from Experiment
more info
 PubMed 
enables serine-type endopeptidase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables serine-type endopeptidase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables serine-type endopeptidase activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
enables serine-type peptidase activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in apoptotic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in granzyme-mediated programmed cell death signaling pathway IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in granzyme-mediated programmed cell death signaling pathway IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in killing of cells of another organism IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of translation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
involved_in protein maturation IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in protein maturation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in pyroptotic inflammatory response IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in pyroptotic inflammatory response TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in cytolytic granule IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytolytic granule lumen TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
is_active_in cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
is_active_in cytoplasm ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
is_active_in extracellular space IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in immunological synapse TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
located_in membrane HDA PubMed 
located_in nucleus TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 

General protein information

Go to the top of the page Help
Preferred Names
granzyme B
Names
T-cell serine protease 1-3E
cathepsin G-like 1
cytotoxic T-lymphocyte proteinase 2
cytotoxic serine protease B
fragmentin 2
granzyme B (granzyme 2, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated serine esterase 1)
human lymphocyte protein
NP_001332940.1
NP_004122.2

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

Go to the top of the page Help

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_028340.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5037..8273
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001346011.2 → NP_001332940.1  granzyme B isoform 2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR, uses an alternate translation start site, and uses an alternate splice site in the 5' coding region compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (2) has a shorter and distinct N-terminus and lacks a predicted signal peptide compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AY232654, BX283601, CB528665, HY088535
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS86381.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    J3KQ52, Q6XGZ4
    Related
    ENSP00000387385.3, ENST00000415355.7

  2. NM_004131.6 → NP_004122.2  granzyme B isoform 1 preproprotein

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_004122.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longer isoform (1).
    Source sequence(s)
    AY372494, BX283601, CB528665
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS9633.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P10144, Q8N1D2, Q9UCC1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q6XGZ4
    Related
    ENSP00000216341.4, ENST00000216341.9
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    smart00020
    Location:20 → 240
    Tryp_SPc; Trypsin-like serine protease
    cd00190
    Location:21 → 243
    Tryp_SPc; Trypsin-like serine protease; Many of these are synthesized as inactive precursor zymogens that are cleaved during limited proteolysis to generate their active forms. Alignment contains also inactive enzymes that have substitutions of the catalytic triad ...

RNA

  1. NR_144343.2 RNA Sequence

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an alternate internal exon compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because the use of the 5'-most expected translational start codon renders the transcript a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).
    Source sequence(s)
    AY232655, CB528665, HY088535
    Related
    ENST00000554242.5

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000014.9 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    24630954..24634190 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060938.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    18829837..18833074 complement
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P10144.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P10144

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

Chemical Information
Molecular Biology Databases
Research Materials
Tools