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    PTGES2 prostaglandin E synthase 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 80142, updated on 10-Dec-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    PTGES2provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    prostaglandin E synthase 2provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:17822
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000148334 MIM:608152; AllianceGenome:HGNC:17822
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    GBF1; GBF-1; PGES2; C9orf15; mPGES-2
    Summary
    The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin E2. This protein also has been shown to activate the transcription regulated by a gamma-interferon-activated transcription element (GATE). Multiple transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2009]
    Expression
    Ubiquitous expression in heart (RPKM 13.3), kidney (RPKM 10.1) and 25 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
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    Genomic context

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    See PTGES2 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    9q34.11
    Exon count:
    11
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 9 NC_000009.12 (128120693..128128440, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 9 NC_060933.1 (140328727..140336488, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 9 NC_000009.11 (130882972..130890719, complement)

    Chromosome 9 - NC_000009.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20323 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29070 Neighboring gene solute carrier family 25 member 25 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:130835790-130836290 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:130836291-130836791 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 4771 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:130853709-130854229 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:130854230-130854750 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:130859824-130860560 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:130860561-130861298 Neighboring gene SLC25A25 antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 4689 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29071 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29072 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20324 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29073 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20325 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20326 Neighboring gene PTGES2 antisense RNA 1 (head to head) Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:130900289-130900788 Neighboring gene CRISPRi-validated cis-regulatory element chr9.2942 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:130908453-130908952 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20327 Neighboring gene lipocalin 2

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
    • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
    • BioProject: PRJNA270632
    • Publication: PMID 26076956
    • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Inhibiting cholesterol de novo synthesis promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by upregulating prostaglandin E synthase 2-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism under high fatty acid conditions. Zhao Z, et al. Cancer Sci, 2024 Feb. PMID 38081591, Free PMC Article
    2. Alpha-tocopheryl succinate, in contrast to alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate, inhibits prostaglandin E2 production in human lung epithelial cells. Lee E, et al. Carcinogenesis, 2006 Nov. PMID 16714329
    3. Association of prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) Arg298His polymorphism with type 2 diabetes in two German study populations. Nitz I, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007 Aug. PMID 17566096
    4. Prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) Arg298His polymorphism and parameters of the metabolic syndrome. Lindner I, et al. Mol Nutr Food Res, 2007 Dec. PMID 17979097
    5. Association analysis between the prostaglandin E synthase 2 R298H polymorphism and body mass index in 8079 participants of the KORA study cohort. Fischer A, et al. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers, 2009 Apr. PMID 19371221

    See all (78) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Inhibiting cholesterol de novo synthesis promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by upregulating prostaglandin E synthase 2-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism under high fatty acid conditions.
      Title: Inhibiting cholesterol de novo synthesis promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by upregulating prostaglandin E synthase 2-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism under high fatty acid conditions.
    2. Parasitic load determination by differential expressions of 5-lipoxygenase and PGE2 synthases in visceral leishmaniasis.
      Title: Parasitic load determination by differential expressions of 5-lipoxygenase and PGE2 synthases in visceral leishmaniasis.
    3. This suggests that the interaction with the microenvironment occurs at both early and late thyroid tumor stages, and favors tumor progression. The co-expression of PTGS2 gene and M2 markers in human thyroid carcinoma highlights the possibility to counteract tumor growth through COX-2 inhibition.
      Title: Senescent thyrocytes and thyroid tumor cells induce M2-like macrophage polarization of human monocytes via a PGE2-dependent mechanism.
    4. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms in two genes in the PGE2 family, PTGES2 and PTGER4, were significantly associated with primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.
      Title: Genetic variation in the prostaglandin E2 pathway is associated with primary graft dysfunction.
    5. high immunoreactivity of mPGES-2 in pyramidal neurons of AD brains indicates that it might have a potential role in the functional replacement of cytosolic PGES or inactive mPGES-1 in later stages of Alzheimer disease
      Title: Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2: cellular distribution and expression in Alzheimer's disease.
    6. These results indicate that mPGES-1 and mPGES-2 may each play a role in colorectal cancer progression.
      Title: Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase protein levels correlate with prognosis in colorectal cancer patients.
    7. all three terminal prostaglandin synthases, mPGES-1, mPGES-2, and cPGES, are over-expressed in human gliomas
      Title: The terminal prostaglandin synthases mPGES-1, mPGES-2, and cPGES are all overexpressed in human gliomas.
    8. A marginal but significant influence of the PTGES2 298H single nucleotide polymorphism on BMI was found in a large population-based study.
      Title: Association analysis between the prostaglandin E synthase 2 R298H polymorphism and body mass index in 8079 participants of the KORA study cohort.
    9. Observational study and meta-analysis of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
      Title: Polymorphism in the IL18 gene and epithelial ovarian cancer in non-Hispanic white women.
    10. risk-reducing effects of the minor His allele of the prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) Arg298His polymorphism could be mediated partly by lowered body mass index (BMI)
      Title: Prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) Arg298His polymorphism and parameters of the metabolic syndrome.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (18)

    Phenotypes

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    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Variation

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    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • FLJ14038, MGC11289

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid synthase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables DNA binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables glutathione binding ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    enables heme binding ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    enables lyase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables lyase activity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    enables prostaglandin-E synthase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables prostaglandin-E synthase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables prostaglandin-E synthase activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in cyclooxygenase pathway TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    involved_in lipid metabolic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in secretion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in Golgi membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in azurophil granule lumen TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in cytosol IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in extracellular region TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrion HDA PubMed 
    located_in mitochondrion HTP PubMed 
    is_active_in mitochondrion IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrion IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    located_in nucleus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    prostaglandin E synthase 2
    Names
    GATE-binding factor 1
    gamma-interferon-activated transcriptional element-binding factor 1
    mPGE synthase-2
    membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase 2
    microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2
    prostaglandin-H(2) E-isomerase
    NP_001243264.1
    NP_079348.1
    NP_945176.1
    XP_011517352.1
    XP_024303456.1
    XP_047279857.1
    XP_054219846.1
    XP_054219847.1
    XP_054219848.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_012488.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5467..12503
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001256335.2 → NP_001243264.1  prostaglandin E synthase 2 isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243264.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (5) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and uses a downstream in-frame start codon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (2) is shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform 1. Both variants 2 and 5 encode isoform 2.
      Source sequence(s)
      AL590708, BC011613, BG481657
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A024R8C3, A6NHH0, B4DWP1
      Related
      ENSP00000482913.1, ENST00000617202.4
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd03197
      Location:33 → 179
      GST_C_mPGES2; C-terminal, alpha helical domain of microsomal Prostaglandin E synthase Type 2

    2. NM_025072.7 → NP_079348.1  prostaglandin E synthase 2 isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_079348.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      AL590708, BC011613
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS6891.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q53EW9, Q5SYV6, Q96GI0, Q96GL2, Q9H7Z7
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B3KPZ2
      Related
      ENSP00000345341.6, ENST00000338961.11
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      cd03197
      Location:224 → 370
      GST_C_mPGES2; C-terminal, alpha helical domain of microsomal Prostaglandin E synthase Type 2
      cd03040
      Location:101 → 177
      GST_N_mPGES2; GST_N family; microsomal Prostaglandin E synthase Type 2 (mPGES2) subfamily; mPGES2 is a membrane-anchored dimeric protein containing a CXXC motif which catalyzes the isomerization of PGH2 to PGE2. Unlike cytosolic PGE synthase (cPGES) and microsomal ...

    3. NM_198938.3 → NP_945176.1  prostaglandin E synthase 2 isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_945176.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and uses a downstream in-frame start codon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (2) is shorter at the N-terminus, compared to isoform 1. Both variants 2 and 5 encode isoform 2.
      Source sequence(s)
      AK057049, AK301618, AL590708, BC011613
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A024R8C3, A6NHH0, B4DWP1
      Related
      ENSP00000277462.5, ENST00000277462.9
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd03197
      Location:33 → 179
      GST_C_mPGES2; C-terminal, alpha helical domain of microsomal Prostaglandin E synthase Type 2

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000009.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      128120693..128128440 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_011519050.2 → XP_011517352.1  prostaglandin E synthase 2 isoform X1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011517352.1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A024R8C3, A6NHH0, B4DWP1
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd03197
      Location:33 → 179
      GST_C_mPGES2; C-terminal, alpha helical domain of microsomal Prostaglandin E synthase Type 2

    2. XM_024447688.2 → XP_024303456.1  prostaglandin E synthase 2 isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A024R8C3, A6NHH0, B4DWP1
      Related
      ENSP00000503821.1, ENST00000677691.1
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd03197
      Location:33 → 179
      GST_C_mPGES2; C-terminal, alpha helical domain of microsomal Prostaglandin E synthase Type 2

    3. XM_047423901.1 → XP_047279857.1  prostaglandin E synthase 2 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A7I2V5X6, X6RJ95
      Related
      ENSP00000504746.1, ENST00000678916.1

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060933.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      140328727..140336488 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054363872.1 → XP_054219847.1  prostaglandin E synthase 2 isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A024R8C3, A6NHH0, B4DWP1

    2. XM_054363873.1 → XP_054219848.1  prostaglandin E synthase 2 isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A024R8C3, A6NHH0, B4DWP1

    3. XM_054363871.1 → XP_054219846.1  prostaglandin E synthase 2 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A7I2V5X6, X6RJ95

    Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

    The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

    1. NM_198939.1: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NM_198939.1: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because it is a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) candidate.

    2. NM_198940.1: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NM_198940.1: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because currently there is support for the transcript but not for the protein.

    3. NR_027812.1: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NR_027812.1: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because currently there is insufficient support for the transcript.
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9H7Z7.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9H7Z7

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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