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    AMACR alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 23600, updated on 10-Dec-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    AMACRprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemaseprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:451
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000242110 MIM:604489; AllianceGenome:HGNC:451
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    RM; RACE; CBAS4; P504S; AMACRD
    Summary
    This gene encodes a racemase. The encoded enzyme interconverts pristanoyl-CoA and C27-bile acylCoAs between their (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers. The conversion to the (S)-stereoisomers is necessary for degradation of these substrates by peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Encoded proteins from this locus localize to both mitochondria and peroxisomes. Mutations in this gene may be associated with adult-onset sensorimotor neuropathy, pigmentary retinopathy, and adrenomyeloneuropathy due to defects in bile acid synthesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described. Read-through transcription also exists between this gene and the upstream neighboring C1QTNF3 (C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 3) gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2011]
    Expression
    Broad expression in kidney (RPKM 38.3), liver (RPKM 31.1) and 22 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
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    Genomic context

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    See AMACR in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    5p13.2
    Exon count:
    5
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 5 NC_000005.10 (33986165..34008050, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 5 NC_060929.1 (34108084..34129983, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 5 NC_000005.9 (33986270..34008155, complement)

    Chromosome 5 - NC_000005.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr5:33944338-33944838 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr5:33944839-33945339 Neighboring gene solute carrier family 45 member 2 Neighboring gene relaxin family peptide receptor 3 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr5:33978101-33978993 Neighboring gene C1QTNF3-AMACR readthrough (NMD candidate) Neighboring gene proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase, 6 pseudogene 3 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 15964 Neighboring gene C1q and TNF related 3 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr5:34179672-34180662 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr5:34182107-34182256 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr5:34182743-34183352 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr5:34188477-34188645 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 22457 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr5:34190819-34191799 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr5:34191800-34192781 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr5:34192782-34193762 Neighboring gene GUSB pseudogene 18 Neighboring gene integral membrane glycoprotein-like pseudogene

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: Tissue-specific circular RNA induction during human fetal development
    • Description: 35 human fetal samples from 6 tissues (3 - 7 replicates per tissue) collected between 10 and 20 weeks gestational time were sequenced using Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA
    • BioProject: PRJNA270632
    • Publication: PMID 26076956
    • Analysis date: Mon Apr 2 22:54:59 2018

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. A study of indefinite for dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus: reproducibility of diagnosis, clinical outcomes and predicting progression with AMACR (alpha-methylacyl-CoA-racemase). Sonwalkar SA, et al. Histopathology, 2010 Jun. PMID 20636793
    2. Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase--an 'obscure' metabolic enzyme takes centre stage. Lloyd MD, et al. FEBS J, 2008 Mar. PMID 18279392
    3. Expression of alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase in the dysplasia carcinoma sequence associated with Barrett's esophagus. Scheil-Bertram S, et al. Mod Pathol, 2008 Aug. PMID 18500268
    4. Sequence variants of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase are associated with prostate cancer risk: a replication study in an ethnically homogeneous population. FitzGerald LM, et al. Prostate, 2008 Sep 15. PMID 18537123
    5. Significance of overexpression of alpha methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase in hepatocellular carcinoma. Li W, et al. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2008 May 15. PMID 18577240, Free PMC Article

    See all (131) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Alpha-methyl CoA racemase (AMACR) reactivity across the spectrum of clear cell renal cell neoplasms.
      Title: Alpha-methyl CoA racemase (AMACR) reactivity across the spectrum of clear cell renal cell neoplasms.
    2. AMACR Expression is a Potential Diagnostic Marker in Apocrine Lesions of Breast, and is Associated with High Histologic Grade and Lymph Node Metastases in Some Invasive Apocrine Breast Cancers.
      Title: AMACR Expression is a Potential Diagnostic Marker in Apocrine Lesions of Breast, and is Associated with High Histologic Grade and Lymph Node Metastases in Some Invasive Apocrine Breast Cancers.
    3. Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) protein is upregulated in early proliferative lesions of the breast irrespective of apocrine differentiation.
      Title: Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) protein is upregulated in early proliferative lesions of the breast irrespective of apocrine differentiation.
    4. P504S/alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, HNF1beta and napsin A in morular metaplasia and clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium: An immunohistochemical analysis.
      Title: P504S/alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, HNF1β and napsin A in morular metaplasia and clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium: An immunohistochemical analysis.
    5. Oncogenic Activity of Solute Carrier Family 45 Member 2 and Alpha-Methylacyl-Coenzyme A Racemase Gene Fusion Is Mediated by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase.
      Title: Oncogenic Activity of Solute Carrier Family 45 Member 2 and Alpha-Methylacyl-Coenzyme A Racemase Gene Fusion Is Mediated by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase.
    6. Napsin-A and AMACR are Superior to HNF-1beta in Distinguishing Between Mesonephric Carcinomas and Clear Cell Carcinomas of the Gynecologic Tract.
      Title: Napsin-A and AMACR are Superior to HNF-1β in Distinguishing Between Mesonephric Carcinomas and Clear Cell Carcinomas of the Gynecologic Tract.
    7. Correlation of cyclin D1, HER2, and AMACR expressions with histologic grade in bladder urothelial carcinomas.
      Title: Correlation of cyclin D1, HER2, and AMACR expressions with histologic grade in bladder urothelial carcinomas.
    8. Expression of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase in vaginal gastric-type adenocarcinoma and uterine clear cell carcinoma.
      Title: Expression of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase in vaginal gastric-type adenocarcinoma and uterine clear cell carcinoma.
    9. As the mutation was found in the healthy samples as well, it can be said that the current mutation AMACR can be involved in some other forms of peripheral neuropathy which can be with other phenotypes.
      Title: Role of Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase gene in pathogenecity of CMT patients.
    10. High AMACR expression is associated with prostate cancer.
      Title: Semen AMACR protein as a novel method for detecting prostate cancer.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (99)

    Phenotypes

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    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Variation

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    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase activity IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    enables signaling receptor binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in bile acid biosynthetic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in bile acid biosynthetic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    involved_in bile acid metabolic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in bile acid metabolic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in cytoplasm IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrion HTP PubMed 
    is_active_in mitochondrion IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrion IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in peroxisomal matrix TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in peroxisome IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in plasma membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase
    Names
    2-methylacyl-CoA racemase
    NP_001161067.1
    NP_055139.4
    NP_976316.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_016211.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5066..26951
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001167595.2 → NP_001161067.1  alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase isoform 3

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001161067.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an alternate segment in the 3' end of the CDS, which results in a frameshift, compared to variant 1. The resulting protein (isoform 3) is longer and has a distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 1. This isoform is also referred to as AMACRIADEL.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA969512, AC139783, AY935981
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS54836.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q53GV0
      Related
      ENSP00000371517.3, ENST00000382085.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      COG1804
      Location:3 → 373
      CaiB; Crotonobetainyl-CoA:carnitine CoA-transferase CaiB and related acyl-CoA transferases [Lipid transport and metabolism]

    2. NM_014324.6 → NP_055139.4  alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_055139.4

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes isoform 1, also referred to as AMACR IA.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA969512, AC139783
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS3902.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A5YM47, B8Y916, B8Y918, F8W9N1, O43673, Q3KT79, Q96GH1, Q9UHK6, Q9Y3Q1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q53GV0
      Related
      ENSP00000334424.6, ENST00000335606.11
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      COG1804
      Location:3 → 373
      CaiB; Crotonobetainyl-CoA:carnitine CoA-transferase CaiB and related acyl-CoA transferases [Lipid transport and metabolism]

    3. NM_203382.3 → NP_976316.1  alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_976316.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an exon in the coding region, which results in a frameshift and an early stop codon, compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (2) is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 1. This isoform is also referred to as AMACR IB.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA969512, AC139783
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS3903.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A8KAC3
      Related
      ENSP00000371504.2, ENST00000382072.6
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      COG1804
      Location:3 → 131
      CaiB; Crotonobetainyl-CoA:carnitine CoA-transferase CaiB and related acyl-CoA transferases [Lipid transport and metabolism]

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000005.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      33986165..34008050 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060929.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      34108084..34129983 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

    The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

    1. NM_001167596.1: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NM_001167596.1: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because the transcript may be incomplete at the 3'' end.

    2. NM_001167597.1: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NM_001167597.1: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because the transcript may be incomplete at the 3'' end.

    3. NM_001167598.1: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NM_001167598.1: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because the transcript may be incomplete at the 3'' end.
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9UHK6.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9UHK6

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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