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    PTGES prostaglandin E synthase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 9536, updated on 2-Nov-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    PTGESprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    prostaglandin E synthaseprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:9599
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000148344 MIM:605172; AllianceGenome:HGNC:9599
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    PGES; MPGES; PIG12; PP102; PP1294; MGST-IV; MGST1L1; TP53I12; mPGES-1; MGST1-L1
    Summary
    The protein encoded by this gene is a glutathione-dependent prostaglandin E synthase. The expression of this gene has been shown to be induced by proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL1B). Its expression can also be induced by tumor suppressor protein TP53, and may be involved in TP53 induced apoptosis. Knockout studies in mice suggest that this gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis and mediate acute pain during inflammatory responses. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
    Expression
    Biased expression in placenta (RPKM 28.7), urinary bladder (RPKM 13.8) and 12 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
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    Genomic context

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    See PTGES in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    9q34.11
    Exon count:
    3
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 9 NC_000009.12 (129738349..129753042, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 9 NC_060933.1 (141942947..141957638, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 9 NC_000009.11 (132500628..132515321, complement)

    Chromosome 9 - NC_000009.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene paired related homeobox 2 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:132474701-132475516 Neighboring gene PRRX2 antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:132486991-132487490 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124902284 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr9:132489030-132489223 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29119 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:132504976-132505476 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:132537345-132537911 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:132539303-132539818 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr9:132543973-132544473 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29120 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 3625 Neighboring gene UBE2V1 pseudogene 4 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20388 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20389 Neighboring gene torsin family 1 member B

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. mPGES-1 expression in non-cancerous liver tissue impacts on postoperative recurrence of HCC. Nonaka K, et al. World J Gastroenterol, 2010 Oct 14. PMID 20939114, Free PMC Article
    2. Evidence that PAR2-triggered prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) formation involves the ERK-cytosolic phospholipase A2-COX-1-microsomal PGE synthase-1 cascade in human lung epithelial cells. Nagataki M, et al. Cell Biochem Funct, 2008 Mar-Apr. PMID 17708577
    3. Elevated microsomal prostaglandin-E synthase-1 in Alzheimer's disease. Chaudhry UA, et al. Alzheimers Dement, 2008 Jan. PMID 18631945, Free PMC Article
    4. Mutation of a critical arginine in microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 shifts the isomerase activity to a reductase activity that converts prostaglandin H2 into prostaglandin F2alpha. Hammarberg T, et al. J Biol Chem, 2009 Jan 2. PMID 18984580, Free PMC Article
    5. Expression and purification of human mPGES-1 in E. coli and identification of inhibitory compounds from a drug-library. Kim WI, et al. BMB Rep, 2008 Nov 30. PMID 19017494

    See all (159) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Targeting PTGES/PGE2 axis enhances sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil.
      Title: Targeting PTGES/PGE2 axis enhances sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil.
    2. PTGES Expression Is Associated with Metabolic and Immune Reprogramming in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
      Title: PTGES Expression Is Associated with Metabolic and Immune Reprogramming in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
    3. Clinical data mining reveals analgesic effects of lapatinib in cancer patients.
      Title: Clinical data mining reveals analgesic effects of lapatinib in cancer patients.
    4. Studied the role that microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays in cell migration in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease. Results showed mPGES-1 derived PGE2 decreased the relative expression of EP2 and ARP2/3 and caused damage to cytoskeleton.
      Title: MPGES-1 derived PGE2 inhibits cell migration by regulating ARP2/3 in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease.
    5. We found that PTGES is overexpressed in the first stages of AGA.
      Title: Prostaglandins in androgenetic alopecia in 12 men and four female.
    6. mPGES-1 is induced in dopaminergic neurons of postmortem Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and PD model mice. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is a critical factor in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
      Title: Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 is a critical factor in dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
    7. Atherosclerotic plaque constituents 27-hydroxycholesterol and 4-hydroxynonenal cause up-regulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1.
      Title: Up-regulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1 by 27-hydroxycholesterol and 4-hydroxynonenal: A crucial role in atherosclerotic plaque instability.
    8. The DHEA metabolite 7beta-hydroxy-epiandrosterone exerts anti-estrogenic effects on breast cancer cell lines.
      Title: The DHEA metabolite 7β-hydroxy-epiandrosterone exerts anti-estrogenic effects on breast cancer cell lines.
    9. study reveals that upregulation of PGES via TLR3 is critical for BM-MSCs-mediated immunosuppression by PGE2 secretion via the COX-2/PGE2 pathway.
      Title: Involvement of TLR3-Dependent PGES Expression in Immunosuppression by Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
    10. Down-regulation of mPGES-1 has been noted in the infrapatellar fat pad of osteoarthritis patients with hypercholesterolemia.
      Title: Down-regulation of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 in the infrapatellar fat pad of osteoarthritis patients with hypercholesterolemia.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (123)

    Phenotypes

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    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Variation

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    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    HIV-1 interactions

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    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 env A synthetic peptide corresponding to the immunosuppressive domain (amino acids 574-592) of HIV-1 gp41 upregulates the expression of prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES) in peptide-treated PBMCs PubMed
    capsid gag Immunosuppressive peptides corresponding to HIV-1 Capsid amino acids 218-238 upregulate prostaglandin E2 production and induce IL-10 secretion PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • MGC10317

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables glutathione binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables glutathione peroxidase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables glutathione transferase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables prostaglandin-D synthase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables prostaglandin-E synthase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables prostaglandin-E synthase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in cell population proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in cellular oxidant detoxification IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in negative regulation of cell population proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in prostaglandin biosynthetic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in prostaglandin metabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of fever generation ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    involved_in regulation of inflammatory response ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    involved_in sensory perception of pain ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    involved_in signal transduction NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in membrane IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in membrane IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in nuclear envelope lumen IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    prostaglandin E synthase
    Names
    MGST1-like 1
    glutathione S-transferase 1-like 1
    glutathione peroxidase PTGES
    glutathione transferase PTGES
    microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1-like 1
    microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1
    p53-induced apoptosis protein 12
    p53-induced gene 12 protein
    tumor protein p53 inducible protein 12
    NP_004869.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_004878.5 → NP_004869.1  prostaglandin E synthase

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_004869.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL590369, BC008280
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS6927.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O14684, O14900, Q5SZC0
      Related
      ENSP00000342385.4, ENST00000340607.5
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01124
      Location:16 → 146
      MAPEG; MAPEG family

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000009.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      129738349..129753042 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060933.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      141942947..141957638 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

    The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

    1. NM_198797.1: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NM_198797.1: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because it is a nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) candidate.
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    O14684.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:O14684

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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