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    CA12 carbonic anhydrase 12 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 771, updated on 28-Oct-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    CA12provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    carbonic anhydrase 12provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:1371
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000074410 MIM:603263; AllianceGenome:HGNC:1371
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    CAXII; CA-XII; T18816; HsT18816
    Summary
    Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. This gene product is a type I membrane protein that is highly expressed in normal tissues, such as kidney, colon and pancreas, and has been found to be overexpressed in 10% of clear cell renal carcinomas. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2014]
    Expression
    Biased expression in kidney (RPKM 105.5), skin (RPKM 54.4) and 6 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
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    Genomic context

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    See CA12 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    15q22.2
    Exon count:
    11
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 15 NC_000015.10 (63321378..63381846, complement)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 15 NC_060939.1 (61126049..61186532, complement)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 15 NC_000015.9 (63613577..63674045, complement)

    Chromosome 15 - NC_000015.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124903504 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 6513 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 6514 Neighboring gene aph-1 homolog B, gamma-secretase subunit Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124903506 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124903505 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr15:63630428-63631324 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chr15:63637609-63637796 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_40513 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr15:63673729-63674249 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr15:63674250-63674769 Neighboring gene long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 2568 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9529 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9530 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9531 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9532 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9533 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9534 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9535 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 6515 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9536 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9537 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr15:63795072-63795865 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr15:63795866-63796658 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 6517 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 6518 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 6519 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 9539 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 15501 Neighboring gene ubiquitin specific peptidase 3 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr15:63851884-63852437 Neighboring gene MED14-independent group 3 enhancer GRCh37_chr15:63882664-63883863 Neighboring gene USP3 antisense RNA 1

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Autosomal recessive hyponatremia due to isolated salt wasting in sweat associated with a mutation in the active site of Carbonic Anhydrase 12. Muhammad E, et al. Hum Genet, 2011 Apr. PMID 21184099
    2. Human neoplasms elicit multiple specific immune responses in the autologous host. Sahin U, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1995 Dec 5. PMID 8524854, Free PMC Article
    3. Human carbonic anhydrase XII: cDNA cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a carbonic anhydrase gene that is overexpressed in some renal cell cancers. Türeci O, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1998 Jun 23. PMID 9636197, Free PMC Article
    4. Identification of carbonic anhydrase XII as the membrane isozyme expressed in the normal human endometrial epithelium. Karhumaa P, et al. Mol Hum Reprod, 2000 Jan. PMID 10611263
    5. Expression of the membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase isozyme XII in the human kidney and renal tumors. Parkkila S, et al. J Histochem Cytochem, 2000 Dec. PMID 11101628

    See all (73) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Trafficking of carbonic anhydrase 12 and bicarbonate transporters by histamine stimulation mediates intracellular acidic scenario in lung cancer cells.
      Title: Trafficking of carbonic anhydrase 12 and bicarbonate transporters by histamine stimulation mediates intracellular acidic scenario in lung cancer cells.
    2. Carbonic anhydrase XII mediates the survival and prometastatic functions of macrophages in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
      Title: Carbonic anhydrase XII mediates the survival and prometastatic functions of macrophages in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
    3. Carbonic anhydrase 12 gene silencing reverses the sensitivity of paclitaxel in drug-resistant breast cancer cells.
      Title: Carbonic anhydrase 12 gene silencing reverses the sensitivity of paclitaxel in drug-resistant breast cancer cells.
    4. Carbonic Anhydrase XII Expression Is Modulated during Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Regulated through Protein Kinase C Signaling.
      Title: Carbonic Anhydrase XII Expression Is Modulated during Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Regulated through Protein Kinase C Signaling.
    5. CA12 plays vital roles in occurrence of congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens
      Title: SCNN1B and CA12 play vital roles in occurrence of congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD).
    6. Knockout of GLI1 and CAXII significantly decreased hallmarks of tumor aggressiveness including proliferation and migration.
      Title: Carbonic anhydrase XII expression is linked to suppression of Sonic hedgehog ligand expression in triple negative breast cancer cells.
    7. Our results may contribute to further understand the physiology of Breast cancer (BC) cells and indicate that the Hh pathway controls Breast cancer (BC) cell migration and cell invasion also through CAXII, with important implications in identifying novel therapeutic targets.
      Title: Inhibition of smoothened in breast cancer cells reduces CAXII expression and cell migration.
    8. CA12 was significant higher expressing in breast cancer tissues
      Title: High expression of carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12) is associated with good prognosis in breast cancer.
    9. Our newly identified humanized CA12-antibody with anti-cancer activity, represents a new tool for the treatment of CA12-positive tumors.
      Title: Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Blocking Carbonic Anhydrase 12 Enzymatic Activity Leads to Reduced Tumor Growth In Vitro.
    10. Selective inhibition of carbonic anhydrase IX over carbonic anhydrase XII in breast cancer cells using benzene sulfonamides: Disconnect between activity and growth inhibition.
      Title: Selective inhibition of carbonic anhydrase IX over carbonic anhydrase XII in breast cancer cells using benzene sulfonamides: Disconnect between activity and growth inhibition.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (39)

    Phenotypes

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    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Associated conditions

    Description Tests
    Isolated hyperchlorhidrosis
    MedGen: C1840437 OMIM: 143860 GeneReviews: Not available
    		Compare labs

    Variation

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    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Genotypes

    HIV-1 interactions

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    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 env A synthetic peptide corresponding to the immunosuppressive domain (amino acids 574-592) of HIV-1 gp41 upregulates the expression of carbonic anhydrase XII (CA12) in peptide-treated PBMCs PubMed
    Tat tat Microarray analysis indicates HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of carbonic anhydrase XII (CA12) in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells PubMed
    retropepsin gag-pol Positional proteomics analysis identifies the cleavage of human carbonic anhydrase XII (CA12) at amino acid residues 268-269 by the HIV-1 protease PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • FLJ20151

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables carbonate dehydratase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables zinc ion binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in chloride ion homeostasis IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in estrous cycle IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in one-carbon metabolic process IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in apical plasma membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in basolateral plasma membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    is_active_in plasma membrane IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in plasma membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    carbonic anhydrase 12
    Names
    carbonate dehydratase XII
    carbonic anhydrase XII
    carbonic dehydratase
    tumor antigen HOM-RCC-3.1.3
    NP_001209.1
    NP_001280571.1
    NP_996808.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_028022.2 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5321..65789
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001218.5 → NP_001209.1  carbonic anhydrase 12 isoform 1 precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001209.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      AC016207, AC087525, BC023981
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS10185.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      B2RE24, O43570, Q53YE5, Q9BWG2
      Related
      ENSP00000178638.3, ENST00000178638.8
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd03126
      Location:39 → 289
      alpha_CA_XII_XIV; Carbonic anhydrase alpha, isozymes XII and XIV. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-containing enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in a two-step mechanism: a nucleophilic attack of a zinc-bound hydroxide ion on carbon dioxide, ...

    2. NM_001293642.2 → NP_001280571.1  carbonic anhydrase 12 isoform 3 precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001280571.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks two alternate in-frame exons compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (3) has the same N- and C-termini but is shorter compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC016207, AC087525, AK096845
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS76767.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B3KUB4
      Related
      ENSP00000403028.2, ENST00000422263.2
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cl00012
      Location:36 → 229
      alpha_CA; Carbonic anhydrase alpha (vertebrate-like) group. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-containing enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in a two-step mechanism: a nucleophilic attack of a zinc-bound hydroxide ion on carbon ...

    3. NM_206925.3 → NP_996808.1  carbonic anhydrase 12 isoform 2 precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_996808.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an alternate in-frame exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (2) has the same N- and C-termini but is shorter compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC016207, AC087525, BC011691, DA546357
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS10186.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      O43570
      Related
      ENSP00000343088.3, ENST00000344366.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd03126
      Location:39 → 289
      alpha_CA_XII_XIV; Carbonic anhydrase alpha, isozymes XII and XIV. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are zinc-containing enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in a two-step mechanism: a nucleophilic attack of a zinc-bound hydroxide ion on carbon dioxide, ...

    RNA

    1. NR_135511.2 RNA Sequence

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC016207, AC087525, BU630152

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000015.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      63321378..63381846 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060939.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      61126049..61186532 complement
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    O43570.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:O43570

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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