GLRX glutaredoxin [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: GLRXprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name: glutaredoxinprovided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:4330
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000173221 MIM:600443; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4330
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: GRX; GRX1
Summary: This gene encodes a member of the glutaredoxin family. The encoded protein is a cytoplasmic enzyme catalyzing the reversible reduction of glutathione-protein mixed disulfides. This enzyme highly contributes to the antioxidant defense system. It is crucial for several signalling pathways by controlling the S-glutathionylation status of signalling mediators. It is involved in beta-amyloid toxicity and Alzheimer's disease. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]
Expression: Broad expression in kidney (RPKM 54.1), small intestine (RPKM 45.6) and 22 other tissues See more
Orthologs: mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 5q15

Exon count:: 3

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_08	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	5	NC_000005.10 (95813849..95822726, complement)
RS_2024_08	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	5	NC_060929.1 (96315076..96323967, complement)
RS_2024_09	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	5	NC_000005.9 (95149553..95158430, complement)

Chromosome 5 - NC_000005.10 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Structural and functional fine mapping of cysteines in mammalian glutaredoxin reveal their differential oxidation susceptibility.
Title: Structural and functional fine mapping of cysteines in mammalian glutaredoxin reveal their differential oxidation susceptibility.
Cytosolic glutaredoxin 1 is upregulated in AMD and controls retinal pigment epithelial cells proliferation via beta-catenin.
Title: Cytosolic glutaredoxin 1 is upregulated in AMD and controls retinal pigment epithelial cells proliferation via β-catenin.
Glutaredoxin-1 levels in plasma can predict future events in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
Title: Glutaredoxin-1 levels in plasma can predict future events in patients with cardiovascular diseases.
Cellular S-denitrosylases: Potential role and interplay of Thioredoxin, TRP14, and Glutaredoxin systems in thiol-dependent protein denitrosylation.
Title: Cellular S-denitrosylases: Potential role and interplay of Thioredoxin, TRP14, and Glutaredoxin systems in thiol-dependent protein denitrosylation.
Deficiency of Grx1 leads to high sensitivity of HeLaS3 cells to oxidative stress via excessive accumulation of intracellular oxidants including ROS.
Title: Deficiency of Grx1 leads to high sensitivity of HeLaS3 cells to oxidative stress via excessive accumulation of intracellular oxidants including ROS.
Redox Regulator GLRX Is Associated With Tumor Immunity in Glioma.
Title: Redox Regulator GLRX Is Associated With Tumor Immunity in Glioma.
Redox Regulation via Glutaredoxin-1 and Protein S-Glutathionylation.
Title: Redox Regulation via Glutaredoxin-1 and Protein S-Glutathionylation.
Activation of 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase by Glutaredoxin Reducing System.
Title: Activation of 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase by Glutaredoxin Reducing System.
Role of Glutaredoxin-1 and Glutathionylation in Cardiovascular Diseases.
Title: Role of Glutaredoxin-1 and Glutathionylation in Cardiovascular Diseases.
Research on Grx and its potential roles in Parkinson's disease (PD) presents a complex situation where Grx1 likely plays a primary neuroprotective role in dopaminergic neurons but a proinflammatory role in microglia. Midbrain PD samples showed decreased Grx1 specifically within dopaminergic neurons. Increased GLRX copy number in PD patients was associated with earlier onset.[review]
Title: Critical Roles of Glutaredoxin in Brain Cells-Implications for Parkinson's Disease.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (55)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

HIV-1 interactions

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Protein interactions

Protein	Gene	Interaction	Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120	env	Grx1 efficiently catalyzes gp120 and CD4 disulfide reduction in vitro. Purified anti-Grx1 antibodies are shown to inhibit the Grx1 activity in vitro and block HIV-1 replication in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells	PubMed

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Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

G60224 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:137335

WIAF-1594 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:27334

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity	EXP Inferred from Experiment more info	PubMed
enables glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables sodium channel regulator activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
involved_in positive regulation of membrane potential	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in cytosol	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
located_in extracellular exosome	HDA more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: glutaredoxin-1

Names: TTase-1; thioltransferase; thioltransferase-1

NP_001112362.1

EC 1.8.4.1

NP_001230587.1

EC 1.8.4.1

NP_001230588.1

EC 1.8.4.1

NP_002055.1

EC 1.8.4.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.