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Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome 2(LADD2)

MedGen UID:
1824059
Concept ID:
C5774286
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: FGFR3-Related Lacrimo-Auriculo-Dento-Digital Syndrome; LADD SYNDROME 2; LADD2
 
Gene (location): FGFR3 (4p16.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0859577
OMIM®: 620192

Definition

Lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome-2 (LADD2) is a multiple congenital anomaly disorder mainly affecting lacrimal glands and ducts, salivary glands and ducts, ears, teeth, and distal limb segments (summary by Rohmann et al., 2006). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Thumb deformity
MedGen UID:
107901
Concept ID:
C0575897
Finding
An abnormal structure of the first digit of the hand.
Duplication of thumb phalanx
MedGen UID:
892306
Concept ID:
C4021370
Anatomical Abnormality
Complete or partial duplication of the phalanges of the thumb. Depending on the severity, the appearance on x-ray can vary from a notched phalanx (the duplicated bone is almost completely fused with the phalanx), a partially fused appearance of the two bones (bifid), two separate bones appearing side to side, or completely duplicated phalanges (proximal and distal phalanx of the thumb and/or 1st metacarpal). In contrast to the phalanges of the digits 2-5 (proximal, middle and distal), the proximal phalanx of the thumb is embryologically equivalent to the middle phalanges of the other digits, whereas the first metacarpal is embryologically of phalangeal origin and as such equivalent to the proximal phalanges of the other digits.
Microtia
MedGen UID:
57535
Concept ID:
C0152423
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the external ear.
Hearing impairment
MedGen UID:
235586
Concept ID:
C1384666
Disease or Syndrome
A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.
Cupped ear
MedGen UID:
335186
Concept ID:
C1845447
Congenital Abnormality
Laterally protruding ear that lacks antihelical folding (including absence of inferior and superior crura).
Conjunctivitis
MedGen UID:
1093
Concept ID:
C0009763
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of the conjunctiva.
Carious teeth
MedGen UID:
8288
Concept ID:
C0011334
Disease or Syndrome
Caries is a multifactorial bacterial infection affecting the structure of the tooth. This term has been used to describe the presence of more than expected dental caries.
Partial congenital absence of teeth
MedGen UID:
43794
Concept ID:
C0020608
Congenital Abnormality
Tooth agenesis in some form is a common human anomaly that affects approximately 20% of the population. Although tooth agenesis is associated with numerous syndromes, several case reports describe nonsyndromic forms that are either sporadic or familial in nature, as reviewed by Gorlin et al. (1990). The incidence of familial tooth agenesis varies with each class of teeth. Most commonly affected are third molars (wisdom teeth), followed by either upper lateral incisors or lower second premolars; agenesis involving first and second molars is very rare. Also see 114600 and 302400. Selective tooth agenesis without associated systemic disorders has sometimes been divided into 2 types: oligodontia, defined as agenesis of 6 or more permanent teeth, and hypodontia, defined as agenesis of less than 6 teeth. The number in both cases does not include absence of third molars (wisdom teeth). Faulty use of the terms, however, have confounded their use. The term 'partial anodontia' is obsolete (Salinas, 1978). Genetic Heterogeneity of Selective Tooth Agenesis Other forms of selective tooth agenesis include STHAG2 (602639), mapped to chromosome 16q12; STHAG3 (604625), caused by mutation in the PAX9 gene (167416) on chromosome 14q12; STHAG4 (150400), caused by mutation in the WNT10A gene (606268) on chromosome 2q35; STHAG5 (610926), mapped to chromosome 10q11; STHAG7 (616724), caused by mutation in the LRP6 gene (603507) on chromosome 12p13; STHAG8 (617073), caused by mutation in the WNT10B gene (601906) on chromosome 12q13; STHAG9 (617275), caused by mutation in the GREM2 gene (608832) on chromosome 1q43; STHAG10 (620173), caused by mutation in the TSPEAR gene (612920) on chromosome 21q22; and STHAGX1 (313500), caused by mutation in the EDA gene (300451) on chromosome Xq13. A type of selective tooth agenesis that was formerly designated STHAG6 has been incorporated into the dental anomalies and short stature syndrome (DASS; 601216). Of 34 unrelated patients with nonsyndromic tooth agenesis, van den Boogaard et al. (2012) found that 56% (19 patients) had mutations in the WNT10A gene (STHAG4), whereas only 3% and 9% had mutations in the MSX1 (STHAG1) and PAX9 (STHAG3) genes, respectively. The authors concluded that WNT10A is a major gene in the etiology of isolated hypodontia. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations Yu et al. (2016) observed that the most frequently missing permanent teeth in WNT10B-associated oligodontia were the lateral incisors (83.3%), whereas premolars were missing only 51.4% of the time, which they noted was a pattern 'clearly different' from the oligodontia patterns resulting from WNT10A mutations. They also stated that the selective pattern in WNT10B mutants was different from that associated with mutations in other genes, such as MSX1, in which second premolars are missing, and PAX9, in which there is agenesis of molars.
Microdontia
MedGen UID:
66008
Concept ID:
C0240340
Congenital Abnormality
Decreased size of the teeth, which can be defined as a mesiodistal tooth diameter (width) more than 2 SD below mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased maximum width of tooth.
Conical tooth
MedGen UID:
82730
Concept ID:
C0266037
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormal conical form of the teeth, that is, a tooth whose sides converge or taper together incisally.
Lacrimal duct atresia
MedGen UID:
576318
Concept ID:
C0344511
Congenital Abnormality
A developmental disorder of the lacrimal drainage system that most often affects the lacrimal ostium and resulting in non-opening of the nasolacrimal duct. It usually results from a non-canalization of the nasolacrimal duct.
Absent lacrimal punctum
MedGen UID:
356683
Concept ID:
C1867060
Disease or Syndrome
No identifiable superior and/or inferior lacrimal punctum.
Lacrimal duct aplasia
MedGen UID:
870330
Concept ID:
C4024773
Congenital Abnormality
A congenital defect resulting in absence of the lacrimal duct.
Alacrima
MedGen UID:
87488
Concept ID:
C0344505
Disease or Syndrome
Absence of tear secretion.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Sulkowski JP, Cooper JN, Duggan EM, Balci O, Anandalwar S, Blakely ML, Heiss K, Rangel SJ, Minneci PC, Deans KJ
J Pediatr Surg 2015 Jan;50(1):86-91. Epub 2014 Oct 22 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.006. PMID: 25598100Free PMC Article
Mathrawala NR, Hegde RJ
J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2011 Apr-Jun;29(2):168-70. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.84693. PMID: 21911959

Diagnosis

Ryu YH, Kyun Chae J, Kim JW, Lee S
Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020 Oct;8(10):e1412. Epub 2020 Jul 26 doi: 10.1002/mgg3.1412. PMID: 32715658Free PMC Article
Hajianpour MJ, Bombei H, Lieberman SM, Revell R, Krishna R, Gregorsok R, Kao S, Milunsky JM
J Am Dent Assoc 2017 Mar;148(3):157-163. Epub 2016 Dec 30 doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2016.11.016. PMID: 28043400
Sulkowski JP, Cooper JN, Duggan EM, Balci O, Anandalwar S, Blakely ML, Heiss K, Rangel SJ, Minneci PC, Deans KJ
J Pediatr Surg 2015 Jan;50(1):86-91. Epub 2014 Oct 22 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.10.006. PMID: 25598100Free PMC Article
Mathrawala NR, Hegde RJ
J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2011 Apr-Jun;29(2):168-70. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.84693. PMID: 21911959

Therapy

Mathrawala NR, Hegde RJ
J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2011 Apr-Jun;29(2):168-70. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.84693. PMID: 21911959

Prognosis

Mathrawala NR, Hegde RJ
J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2011 Apr-Jun;29(2):168-70. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.84693. PMID: 21911959

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