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Leukoplakia of penis

MedGen UID:
44036
•Concept ID:
C0022782
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans; Kraurosis Penis
SNOMED CT: Leukoplakia of penis (3323003); Kraurosis of penis (3323003)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0006830

Definition

A precancerous condition characterized by the presence of abnormal whitish areas on the glans or prepuce of the penis. Risk factors include chronic irritation, inflammation, and infection of the penis, and poor genital hygiene. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVLeukoplakia of penis

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review.
Fergus KB, Lee AW, Baradaran N, Cohen AJ, Stohr BA, Erickson BA, Mmonu NA, Breyer BN
Urology 2020 Jan;135:11-19. Epub 2019 Oct 9 doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.034. PMID: 31605681
Balanitis xerotica obliterans: a review of diagnosis and management.
Charlton OA, Smith SD
Int J Dermatol 2019 Jul;58(7):777-781. Epub 2018 Oct 12 doi: 10.1111/ijd.14236. PMID: 30315576
Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosus: an update.
Fistarol SK, Itin PH
Am J Clin Dermatol 2013 Feb;14(1):27-47. doi: 10.1007/s40257-012-0006-4. PMID: 23329078Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Nerve-sparing circumcision: Myth or reality?
Cakici OU, Pulular AG, Canakli F
J Pediatr Urol 2021 Apr;17(2):257.e1-257.e8. Epub 2020 Nov 30 doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.11.040. PMID: 33339734
Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review.
Fergus KB, Lee AW, Baradaran N, Cohen AJ, Stohr BA, Erickson BA, Mmonu NA, Breyer BN
Urology 2020 Jan;135:11-19. Epub 2019 Oct 9 doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.034. PMID: 31605681
Surgical Management of Fossa Navicularis and Distal Urethral Strictures.
Daneshvar M, Hughes M, Nikolavsky D
Curr Urol Rep 2018 Apr 17;19(6):43. doi: 10.1007/s11934-018-0792-1. PMID: 29667080
Foreskin Morbidity in Uncircumcised Males.
Sneppen I, Thorup J
Pediatrics 2016 May;137(5) Epub 2016 Apr 6 doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-4340. PMID: 27244821
Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosus: an update.
Fistarol SK, Itin PH
Am J Clin Dermatol 2013 Feb;14(1):27-47. doi: 10.1007/s40257-012-0006-4. PMID: 23329078Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Immunologic and nonimmunologic sclerodermal skin conditions - review.
Bobeica C, Niculet E, Craescu M, Parapiru EL, Corduneanu-Luca AM, Debita M, Pelin AM, Tiutiuca C, Vasile CI, Nicolescu AC, Miulescu M, Balan G, Tatu AL
Front Immunol 2023;14:1180221. Epub 2023 Jul 12 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180221. PMID: 37600771Free PMC Article
Balanitis xerotica obliterans: an update for clinicians.
Nguyen ATM, Holland AJA
Eur J Pediatr 2020 Jan;179(1):9-16. Epub 2019 Nov 23 doi: 10.1007/s00431-019-03516-3. PMID: 31760506
Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review.
Fergus KB, Lee AW, Baradaran N, Cohen AJ, Stohr BA, Erickson BA, Mmonu NA, Breyer BN
Urology 2020 Jan;135:11-19. Epub 2019 Oct 9 doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.034. PMID: 31605681
Surgical Management of Fossa Navicularis and Distal Urethral Strictures.
Daneshvar M, Hughes M, Nikolavsky D
Curr Urol Rep 2018 Apr 17;19(6):43. doi: 10.1007/s11934-018-0792-1. PMID: 29667080
Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosus: an update.
Fistarol SK, Itin PH
Am J Clin Dermatol 2013 Feb;14(1):27-47. doi: 10.1007/s40257-012-0006-4. PMID: 23329078Free PMC Article

Therapy

Balanitis xerotica obliterans: an update for clinicians.
Nguyen ATM, Holland AJA
Eur J Pediatr 2020 Jan;179(1):9-16. Epub 2019 Nov 23 doi: 10.1007/s00431-019-03516-3. PMID: 31760506
Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review.
Fergus KB, Lee AW, Baradaran N, Cohen AJ, Stohr BA, Erickson BA, Mmonu NA, Breyer BN
Urology 2020 Jan;135:11-19. Epub 2019 Oct 9 doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.034. PMID: 31605681
Circumcision in the paediatric patient: A review of indications, technique and complications.
Prabhakaran S, Ljuhar D, Coleman R, Nataraja RM
J Paediatr Child Health 2018 Dec;54(12):1299-1307. Epub 2018 Sep 23 doi: 10.1111/jpc.14206. PMID: 30246352
SIU/ICUD Consultation on Urethral Strictures: Anterior urethra-lichen sclerosus.
Stewart L, McCammon K, Metro M, Virasoro R
Urology 2014 Mar;83(3 Suppl):S27-30. Epub 2013 Nov 20 doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.09.013. PMID: 24268357
Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosus: an update.
Fistarol SK, Itin PH
Am J Clin Dermatol 2013 Feb;14(1):27-47. doi: 10.1007/s40257-012-0006-4. PMID: 23329078Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Nerve-sparing circumcision: Myth or reality?
Cakici OU, Pulular AG, Canakli F
J Pediatr Urol 2021 Apr;17(2):257.e1-257.e8. Epub 2020 Nov 30 doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.11.040. PMID: 33339734
Balanitis xerotica obliterans: an update for clinicians.
Nguyen ATM, Holland AJA
Eur J Pediatr 2020 Jan;179(1):9-16. Epub 2019 Nov 23 doi: 10.1007/s00431-019-03516-3. PMID: 31760506
Foreskin Morbidity in Uncircumcised Males.
Sneppen I, Thorup J
Pediatrics 2016 May;137(5) Epub 2016 Apr 6 doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-4340. PMID: 27244821
Perineostomy: the last oportunity.
Lopez JC, Gomez EG, Carrillo AA, Castineira RC, Tapia MJ
Int Braz J Urol 2015 Jan-Feb;41(1):91-8; discussion 99-100. doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.01.13. PMID: 25928514Free PMC Article
SIU/ICUD Consultation on Urethral Strictures: Anterior urethra-lichen sclerosus.
Stewart L, McCammon K, Metro M, Virasoro R
Urology 2014 Mar;83(3 Suppl):S27-30. Epub 2013 Nov 20 doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.09.013. PMID: 24268357

Clinical prediction guides

Creation of a pioneering interdisciplinary genital dermatology unit for Hispanic men: First 269 patients.
Navarrete J, Hernández JM, Cristi J, Eltit I, Kutscher P, Guillones A, Oberti V, Arrillaga A, Della Santa R, Echenagusía P, Sosa T, Fernández C, Martínez L, De Cunto A, Bunker C, Vola M, Agorio C
Int J STD AIDS 2021 Sep;32(10):957-962. Epub 2021 Apr 29 doi: 10.1177/09564624211010056. PMID: 33914651
Pathologically oriented descriptive study of male genital circumcisions across medical and surgical specialties.
Mazzoni D, Pool L, Muir J
Int J Dermatol 2021 May;60(5):559-563. Epub 2020 Dec 15 doi: 10.1111/ijd.15359. PMID: 33319352
Clinical Features, Complications and Autoimmunity in Male Lichen Sclerosus.
Kantere D, Alvergren G, Gillstedt M, Pujol-Calderon F, Tunbäck P
Acta Derm Venereol 2017 Mar 10;97(3):365-369. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2537. PMID: 27671756
Expression of Transglutaminase in Foreskin of Children with Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans.
Russo T, Currò M, Barbera A, Caccamo D, Antonuccio P, Arena S, Montalto AS, Parisi S, Marseglia L, Gitto E, Ientile R, Impellizzeri P, Romeo C
Int J Mol Sci 2016 Sep 14;17(9) doi: 10.3390/ijms17091551. PMID: 27649154Free PMC Article
Lichen sclerosis: clinicopathological study of 60 cases from Lebanon.
Knio Z, Kurban M, Abbas O
Int J Dermatol 2016 Oct;55(10):1076-81. Epub 2016 May 27 doi: 10.1111/ijd.13336. PMID: 27229659

Recent systematic reviews

Comparison of lichen sclerosus in boys and girls: A systematic literature review of epidemiology, symptoms, genetic background, risk factors, treatment, and prognosis.
Kumar KS, Morrel B, van Hees CLM, van der Toorn F, van Dorp W, Mendels EJ
Pediatr Dermatol 2022 May;39(3):400-408. Epub 2022 Mar 1 doi: 10.1111/pde.14967. PMID: 35229894Free PMC Article
Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review.
Fergus KB, Lee AW, Baradaran N, Cohen AJ, Stohr BA, Erickson BA, Mmonu NA, Breyer BN
Urology 2020 Jan;135:11-19. Epub 2019 Oct 9 doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.034. PMID: 31605681
Does application of topical steroids for lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans) affect the rate of circumcision? A systematic review.
Folaranmi SE, Corbett HJ, Losty PD
J Pediatr Surg 2018 Nov;53(11):2225-2227. Epub 2018 Jan 3 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.12.021. PMID: 29395150
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus.
Chi CC, Kirtschig G, Baldo M, Lewis F, Wang SH, Wojnarowska F
J Am Acad Dermatol 2012 Aug;67(2):305-12. Epub 2012 Apr 6 doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.044. PMID: 22483994

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