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Malan overgrowth syndrome(MALNS)

MedGen UID:
766574
Concept ID:
C3553660
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: MALAN SYNDROME; MALNS; Sotos syndrome 2
SNOMED CT: Malan overgrowth syndrome (763795006); Sotos syndrome 2 (763795006)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
Concept ID:
C0443147
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
Unknown inheritance
MedGen UID:
989040
Concept ID:
CN307042
Finding
Source: Orphanet
Hereditary clinical entity whose mode of inheritance is unknown.
 
Gene (location): NFIX (19p13.13)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013885
OMIM®: 614753
Orphanet: ORPHA420179

Definition

Malan syndrome (MALNS) is clinically characterized by overgrowth, advanced bone age, macrocephaly, and dysmorphic facial features. Patients develop marfanoid habitus, with long and slender body, very low body mass, long narrow face, and arachnodactyly, with age. Impaired intellectual development and behavior anomalies are present (summary by Martinez et al., 2015). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Coxa valga
MedGen UID:
116080
Concept ID:
C0239137
Finding
Coxa valga is a deformity of the hip in which the angle between the femoral shaft and the femoral neck is increased compared to age-adjusted values (about 150 degrees in newborns gradually reducing to 120-130 degrees in adults).
Long fingers
MedGen UID:
346836
Concept ID:
C1858091
Finding
The middle finger is more than 2 SD above the mean for newborns 27 to 41 weeks EGA or above the 97th centile for children from birth to 16 years of age AND the five digits retain their normal length proportions relative to each other (i.e., it is not the case that the middle finger is the only lengthened digit), or, Fingers that appear disproportionately long compared to the palm of the hand.
Overgrowth
MedGen UID:
376550
Concept ID:
C1849265
Finding
Excessive postnatal growth which may comprise increased weight, increased length, and/or increased head circumference.
Anxiety
MedGen UID:
1613
Concept ID:
C0003467
Finding
Intense feelings of nervousness, tension, or panic often arise in response to interpersonal stresses. There is worry about the negative effects of past unpleasant experiences and future negative possibilities. Individuals may feel fearful, apprehensive, or threatened by uncertainty, and they may also have fears of falling apart or losing control.
Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
MedGen UID:
138005
Concept ID:
C0344482
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Autistic behavior
MedGen UID:
163547
Concept ID:
C0856975
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Persistent deficits in social interaction and communication and interaction as well as a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest as well as repetitive patterns of behavior.
Motor delay
MedGen UID:
381392
Concept ID:
C1854301
Finding
A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.
Ventriculomegaly
MedGen UID:
480553
Concept ID:
C3278923
Finding
An increase in size of the ventricular system of the brain.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Retrognathia
MedGen UID:
19766
Concept ID:
C0035353
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Scoliosis
MedGen UID:
11348
Concept ID:
C0036439
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Accelerated skeletal maturation
MedGen UID:
154262
Concept ID:
C0545053
Finding
An abnormally increased rate of skeletal maturation. Accelerated skeletal maturation can be diagnosed on the basis of an estimation of the bone age from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.
Pectus excavatum
MedGen UID:
781174
Concept ID:
C2051831
Finding
A defect of the chest wall characterized by a depression of the sternum, giving the chest ("pectus") a caved-in ("excavatum") appearance.
Macrocephaly
MedGen UID:
745757
Concept ID:
C2243051
Finding
Occipitofrontal (head) circumference greater than 97th centile compared to appropriate, age matched, sex-matched normal standards. Alternatively, a apparently increased size of the cranium.
Hyperplasia of the premaxilla
MedGen UID:
892960
Concept ID:
C4073210
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormality of the premaxilla (the embryonic structure that forms the anterior part of the maxilla) causing it to appear relatively large in size compared to the other parts of the maxilla or other facial structures.
Narrow mouth
MedGen UID:
44435
Concept ID:
C0026034
Congenital Abnormality
Distance between the commissures of the mouth more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased width of the oral aperture (subjective).
High forehead
MedGen UID:
65991
Concept ID:
C0239676
Finding
An abnormally increased height of the forehead.
Advanced eruption of teeth
MedGen UID:
78588
Concept ID:
C0266054
Finding
Premature tooth eruption, which can be defined as tooth eruption more than 2 SD earlier than the mean eruption age.
Gingival overgrowth
MedGen UID:
87712
Concept ID:
C0376480
Finding
Hyperplasia of the gingiva (that is, a thickening of the soft tissue overlying the alveolar ridge. The degree of thickening ranges from involvement of the interdental papillae alone to gingival overgrowth covering the entire tooth crown.
Mandibular prognathia
MedGen UID:
98316
Concept ID:
C0399526
Finding
Abnormal prominence of the chin related to increased length of the mandible.
Downslanted palpebral fissures
MedGen UID:
98391
Concept ID:
C0423110
Finding
The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.
Long face
MedGen UID:
324419
Concept ID:
C1836047
Finding
Facial height (length) is more than 2 standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, an apparent increase in the height (length) of the face (subjective).
Narrow face
MedGen UID:
373334
Concept ID:
C1837463
Finding
Bizygomatic (upper face) and bigonial (lower face) width are both more than 2 standard deviations below the mean (objective); or, an apparent reduction in the width of the upper and lower face (subjective).
Midface retrusion
MedGen UID:
339938
Concept ID:
C1853242
Anatomical Abnormality
Posterior positions and/or vertical shortening of the infraorbital and perialar regions, or increased concavity of the face and/or reduced nasolabial angle.
Everted lower lip vermilion
MedGen UID:
344003
Concept ID:
C1853246
Finding
An abnormal configuration of the lower lip such that it is turned outward i.e., everted, with the Inner aspect of the lower lip vermilion (normally opposing the teeth) being visible in a frontal view.
Short nose
MedGen UID:
343052
Concept ID:
C1854114
Finding
Distance from nasion to subnasale more than two standard deviations below the mean, or alternatively, an apparently decreased length from the nasal root to the nasal tip.
Cutis marmorata
MedGen UID:
78093
Concept ID:
C0263401
Disease or Syndrome
A reticular discoloration of the skin with cyanotic (reddish-blue appearing) areas surrounding pale central areas due to dilation of capillary blood vessels and stagnation of blood within the vessels. Cutis marmorata generally occurs on the legs, arms and trunk and is often more severe in cold weather.
Astigmatism
MedGen UID:
2473
Concept ID:
C0004106
Disease or Syndrome
Astigmatism (from the Greek 'a' meaning absence and 'stigma' meaning point) is a condition in which the parallel rays of light entering the eye through the refractive media are not focused on a single point. Both corneal and noncorneal factors contribute to refractive astigmatism. Corneal astigmatism is mainly the result of an aspheric anterior surface of the cornea, which can be measured readily by means of a keratometer; in a small fraction of cases (approximately 1 in 10) the effect is neutralized by the back surface. The curvature of the back surface of the cornea is not considered in most studies, because it is more difficult to measure; moreover, in the case of severe corneal astigmatism, there is evidence that both surfaces have the same configuration. Noncorneal factors are errors in the curvature of the 2 surfaces of the crystalline lens, irregularity in the refractive index of the lens, and an eccentric lens position. Since the cornea is the dominant component of the eye's refracting system, a highly astigmatic cornea is likely to result in a similarly astigmatic ocular refraction (summary by Clementi et al., 1998).
Hypermetropia
MedGen UID:
43780
Concept ID:
C0020490
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormality of refraction characterized by the ability to see objects in the distance clearly, while objects nearby appear blurry.
Nystagmus
MedGen UID:
45166
Concept ID:
C0028738
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.
Strabismus
MedGen UID:
21337
Concept ID:
C0038379
Disease or Syndrome
A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVMalan overgrowth syndrome

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Macchiaiolo M, Panfili FM, Vecchio D, Gonfiantini MV, Cortellessa F, Caciolo C, Zollino M, Accadia M, Seri M, Chinali M, Mammì C, Tartaglia M, Bartuli A, Alfieri P, Priolo M
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022 Jun 18;17(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s13023-022-02384-9. PMID: 35717370Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Macchiaiolo M, Panfili FM, Vecchio D, Gonfiantini MV, Cortellessa F, Caciolo C, Zollino M, Accadia M, Seri M, Chinali M, Mammì C, Tartaglia M, Bartuli A, Alfieri P, Priolo M
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022 Jun 18;17(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s13023-022-02384-9. PMID: 35717370Free PMC Article
Tenorio J, Alarcón P, Arias P, Dapía I, García-Miñaur S, Palomares Bralo M, Campistol J, Climent S, Valenzuela I, Ramos S, Monseny AM, Grondona FL, Botet J, Serrano M, Solís M, Santos-Simarro F, Álvarez S, Teixidó-Tura G, Fernández Jaén A, Gordo G, Bardón Rivera MB, Nevado J, Hernández A, Cigudosa JC, Ruiz-Pérez VL, Tizzano EF; SOGRI Consortium, Lapunzina P
Eur J Hum Genet 2020 Apr;28(4):469-479. Epub 2019 Nov 4 doi: 10.1038/s41431-019-0485-3. PMID: 31685998Free PMC Article
Priolo M, Schanze D, Tatton-Brown K, Mulder PA, Tenorio J, Kooblall K, Acero IH, Alkuraya FS, Arias P, Bernardini L, Bijlsma EK, Cole T, Coubes C, Dapia I, Davies S, Di Donato N, Elcioglu NH, Fahrner JA, Foster A, González NG, Huber I, Iascone M, Kaiser AS, Kamath A, Liebelt J, Lynch SA, Maas SM, Mammì C, Mathijssen IB, McKee S, Menke LA, Mirzaa GM, Montgomery T, Neubauer D, Neumann TE, Pintomalli L, Pisanti MA, Plomp AS, Price S, Salter C, Santos-Simarro F, Sarda P, Segovia M, Shaw-Smith C, Smithson S, Suri M, Valdez RM, Van Haeringen A, Van Hagen JM, Zollino M, Lapunzina P, Thakker RV, Zenker M, Hennekam RC
Hum Mutat 2018 Sep;39(9):1226-1237. Epub 2018 Jun 25 doi: 10.1002/humu.23563. PMID: 29897170Free PMC Article
Luscan A, Laurendeau I, Malan V, Francannet C, Odent S, Giuliano F, Lacombe D, Touraine R, Vidaud M, Pasmant E, Cormier-Daire V
J Med Genet 2014 Aug;51(8):512-7. Epub 2014 May 22 doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102402. PMID: 24852293
Malan V, Chevallier S, Soler G, Coubes C, Lacombe D, Pasquier L, Soulier J, Morichon-Delvallez N, Turleau C, Munnich A, Romana S, Vekemans M, Cormier-Daire V, Colleaux L
Eur J Hum Genet 2010 Feb;18(2):227-32. Epub 2009 Oct 21 doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.162. PMID: 19844265Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Huynh TN, Delagrammatikas CG, Chiriatti L, Panfili A, Ventarola K, Menke LA, Tartaglia M, Huisman SA, Priolo M
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024 Jul 29;19(1):282. doi: 10.1186/s13023-024-03288-6. PMID: 39075508Free PMC Article
Uzman CY, Gürsoy S, Hazan F
Int J Dev Neurosci 2023 Aug;83(5):479-485. Epub 2023 Jun 19 doi: 10.1002/jdn.10280. PMID: 37336770
Macchiaiolo M, Panfili FM, Vecchio D, Gonfiantini MV, Cortellessa F, Caciolo C, Zollino M, Accadia M, Seri M, Chinali M, Mammì C, Tartaglia M, Bartuli A, Alfieri P, Priolo M
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022 Jun 18;17(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s13023-022-02384-9. PMID: 35717370Free PMC Article
Priolo M, Schanze D, Tatton-Brown K, Mulder PA, Tenorio J, Kooblall K, Acero IH, Alkuraya FS, Arias P, Bernardini L, Bijlsma EK, Cole T, Coubes C, Dapia I, Davies S, Di Donato N, Elcioglu NH, Fahrner JA, Foster A, González NG, Huber I, Iascone M, Kaiser AS, Kamath A, Liebelt J, Lynch SA, Maas SM, Mammì C, Mathijssen IB, McKee S, Menke LA, Mirzaa GM, Montgomery T, Neubauer D, Neumann TE, Pintomalli L, Pisanti MA, Plomp AS, Price S, Salter C, Santos-Simarro F, Sarda P, Segovia M, Shaw-Smith C, Smithson S, Suri M, Valdez RM, Van Haeringen A, Van Hagen JM, Zollino M, Lapunzina P, Thakker RV, Zenker M, Hennekam RC
Hum Mutat 2018 Sep;39(9):1226-1237. Epub 2018 Jun 25 doi: 10.1002/humu.23563. PMID: 29897170Free PMC Article
Klaassens M, Morrogh D, Rosser EM, Jaffer F, Vreeburg M, Bok LA, Segboer T, van Belzen M, Quinlivan RM, Kumar A, Hurst JA, Scott RH
Eur J Hum Genet 2015 May;23(5):610-5. Epub 2014 Aug 13 doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.162. PMID: 25118028Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Molin AM, Andrieux J, Koolen DA, Malan V, Carella M, Colleaux L, Cormier-Daire V, David A, de Leeuw N, Delobel B, Duban-Bedu B, Fischetto R, Flinter F, Kjaergaard S, Kok F, Krepischi AC, Le Caignec C, Ogilvie CM, Maia S, Mathieu-Dramard M, Munnich A, Palumbo O, Papadia F, Pfundt R, Reardon W, Receveur A, Rio M, Ronsbro Darling L, Rosenberg C, Sá J, Vallee L, Vincent-Delorme C, Zelante L, Bondeson ML, Annerén G
J Med Genet 2012 Feb;49(2):104-9. Epub 2011 Dec 17 doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100534. PMID: 22180640Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Trimouille A, Houcinat N, Vuillaume ML, Fergelot P, Boucher C, Toutain J, Caignec CL, Vincent M, Nizon M, Andrieux J, Vanlerberghe C, Delobel B, Duban B, Mansour S, Baple E, McKeown C, Poke G, Robertshaw K, Fifield E, Fabretto A, Pecile V, Gasparini P, Carrozzi M, Lacombe D, Arveiler B, Rooryck C, Moutton S
Eur J Hum Genet 2018 Jan;26(1):85-93. Epub 2017 Nov 28 doi: 10.1038/s41431-017-0037-7. PMID: 29184170Free PMC Article
Shimojima K, Okamoto N, Tamasaki A, Sangu N, Shimada S, Yamamoto T
Am J Med Genet A 2015 Apr;167A(4):724-30. Epub 2015 Mar 3 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36959. PMID: 25736188

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