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Recurrent Childhood Brain Stem Glioma

MedGen UID:
90909
•Concept ID:
C0338329
•
Neoplastic Process
Synonyms: Recurrent Childhood Brainstem Glioma; Recurrent Childhood Glioma of Brain Stem; Recurrent Childhood Glioma of Brainstem; Recurrent Childhood Glioma of the Brain Stem; Recurrent Childhood Glioma of the Brainstem; Recurrent Pediatric Brain Stem Glioma; Recurrent Pediatric Brainstem Glioma; Recurrent Pediatric Glioma of Brain Stem; Recurrent Pediatric Glioma of Brainstem; Recurrent Pediatric Glioma of the Brain Stem; Recurrent Pediatric Glioma of the Brainstem; Relapsed Childhood Brain Stem Glioma; Relapsed Childhood Brainstem Glioma; Relapsed Childhood Glioma of Brain Stem; Relapsed Childhood Glioma of Brainstem; Relapsed Childhood Glioma of the Brain Stem; Relapsed Childhood Glioma of the Brainstem; Relapsed Pediatric Brain Stem Glioma; Relapsed Pediatric Brainstem Glioma; Relapsed Pediatric Glioma of Brain Stem; Relapsed Pediatric Glioma of Brainstem; Relapsed Pediatric Glioma of the Brain Stem; Relapsed Pediatric Glioma of the Brainstem

Definition

The reemergence of brain stem glioma in childhood after a period of remission. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVRecurrent Childhood Brain Stem Glioma

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Contemporary Management of Pediatric Brainstem Tumors.
Chou SC, Chen YN, Huang HY, Kuo MF, Wong TT, Kuo SH, Yang SH
Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 2024;49:231-254. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-42398-7_11. PMID: 38700687
The Epigenetic Evolution of Glioma Is Determined by the IDH1 Mutation Status and Treatment Regimen.
Malta TM, Sabedot TS, Morosini NS, Datta I, Garofano L, Vallentgoed W, Varn FS, Aldape K, D'Angelo F, Bakas S, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Gan HK, Hasanain M, Hau AC, Johnson KC, Cazacu S, deCarvalho AC, Khasraw M, Kocakavuk E, Kouwenhoven MCM, Migliozzi S, Niclou SP, Niers JM, Ormond DR, Paek SH, Reifenberger G, Sillevis Smitt PA, Smits M, Stead LF, van den Bent MJ, Van Meir EG, Walenkamp A, Weiss T, Weller M, Westerman BA, Ylstra B, Wesseling P, Lasorella A, French PJ, Poisson LM; Consortium The GLASS, Verhaak RGW, Iavarone A, Noushmehr H
Cancer Res 2024 Mar 4;84(5):741-756. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-23-2093. PMID: 38117484Free PMC Article
Locoregional delivery of CAR T cells to the cerebrospinal fluid for treatment of metastatic medulloblastoma and ependymoma.
Donovan LK, Delaidelli A, Joseph SK, Bielamowicz K, Fousek K, Holgado BL, Manno A, Srikanthan D, Gad AZ, Van Ommeren R, Przelicki D, Richman C, Ramaswamy V, Daniels C, Pallota JG, Douglas T, Joynt ACM, Haapasalo J, Nor C, Vladoiu MC, Kuzan-Fischer CM, Garzia L, Mack SC, Varadharajan S, Baker ML, Hendrikse L, Ly M, Kharas K, Balin P, Wu X, Qin L, Huang N, Stucklin AG, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Luu B, Suarez R, De Antonellis P, Michealraj A, Rastan A, Hegde M, Komosa M, Sirbu O, Kumar SA, Abdullaev Z, Faria CC, Yip S, Hukin J, Tabori U, Hawkins C, Aldape K, Daugaard M, Maris JM, Sorensen PH, Ahmed N, Taylor MD
Nat Med 2020 May;26(5):720-731. Epub 2020 Apr 27 doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0827-2. PMID: 32341580Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Clinical outcome of pediatric medulloblastoma patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
Kolodziejczak AS, Guerrini-Rousseau L, Planchon JM, Ecker J, Selt F, Mynarek M, Obrecht D, Sill M, Autry RJ, Stutheit-Zhao E, Hirsch S, Amouyal E, Dufour C, Ayrault O, Torrejon J, Waszak SM, Ramaswamy V, Pentikainen V, Demir HA, Clifford SC, Schwalbe EC, Massimi L, Snuderl M, Galbraith K, Karajannis MA, Hill K, Li BK, Walsh M, White CL, Redmond S, Loizos L, Jakob M, Kordes UR, Schmid I, Hauer J, Blattmann C, Filippidou M, Piccolo G, Scheurlen W, Farrag A, Grund K, Sutter C, Pietsch T, Frank S, Schewe DM, Malkin D, Ben-Arush M, Sehested A, Wong TT, Wu KS, Liu YL, Carceller F, Mueller S, Stoller S, Taylor MD, Tabori U, Bouffet E, Kool M, Sahm F, von Deimling A, Korshunov A, von Hoff K, Kratz CP, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Rutkowski S, van Tilburg CM, Witt O, Bougeard G, Pajtler KW, Pfister SM, Bourdeaut F, Milde T
Neuro Oncol 2023 Dec 8;25(12):2273-2286. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noad114. PMID: 37379234Free PMC Article
Oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of pediatric brainstem gliomas.
Gállego Pérez-Larraya J, García-Moure M, Alonso MM
Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023 Jun;179(5):475-480. Epub 2023 Apr 13 doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.03.016. PMID: 37061388
Childhood Medulloblastoma: An Overview.
Suk Y, Gwynne WD, Burns I, Venugopal C, Singh SK
Methods Mol Biol 2022;2423:1-12. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1952-0_1. PMID: 34978683
Locoregional delivery of CAR T cells to the cerebrospinal fluid for treatment of metastatic medulloblastoma and ependymoma.
Donovan LK, Delaidelli A, Joseph SK, Bielamowicz K, Fousek K, Holgado BL, Manno A, Srikanthan D, Gad AZ, Van Ommeren R, Przelicki D, Richman C, Ramaswamy V, Daniels C, Pallota JG, Douglas T, Joynt ACM, Haapasalo J, Nor C, Vladoiu MC, Kuzan-Fischer CM, Garzia L, Mack SC, Varadharajan S, Baker ML, Hendrikse L, Ly M, Kharas K, Balin P, Wu X, Qin L, Huang N, Stucklin AG, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Luu B, Suarez R, De Antonellis P, Michealraj A, Rastan A, Hegde M, Komosa M, Sirbu O, Kumar SA, Abdullaev Z, Faria CC, Yip S, Hukin J, Tabori U, Hawkins C, Aldape K, Daugaard M, Maris JM, Sorensen PH, Ahmed N, Taylor MD
Nat Med 2020 May;26(5):720-731. Epub 2020 Apr 27 doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0827-2. PMID: 32341580Free PMC Article
Selumetinib in paediatric patients with BRAF-aberrant or neurofibromatosis type 1-associated recurrent, refractory, or progressive low-grade glioma: a multicentre, phase 2 trial.
Fangusaro J, Onar-Thomas A, Young Poussaint T, Wu S, Ligon AH, Lindeman N, Banerjee A, Packer RJ, Kilburn LB, Goldman S, Pollack IF, Qaddoumi I, Jakacki RI, Fisher PG, Dhall G, Baxter P, Kreissman SG, Stewart CF, Jones DTW, Pfister SM, Vezina G, Stern JS, Panigrahy A, Patay Z, Tamrazi B, Jones JY, Haque SS, Enterline DS, Cha S, Fisher MJ, Doyle LA, Smith M, Dunkel IJ, Fouladi M
Lancet Oncol 2019 Jul;20(7):1011-1022. Epub 2019 May 28 doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30277-3. PMID: 31151904Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Clinical outcome of pediatric medulloblastoma patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
Kolodziejczak AS, Guerrini-Rousseau L, Planchon JM, Ecker J, Selt F, Mynarek M, Obrecht D, Sill M, Autry RJ, Stutheit-Zhao E, Hirsch S, Amouyal E, Dufour C, Ayrault O, Torrejon J, Waszak SM, Ramaswamy V, Pentikainen V, Demir HA, Clifford SC, Schwalbe EC, Massimi L, Snuderl M, Galbraith K, Karajannis MA, Hill K, Li BK, Walsh M, White CL, Redmond S, Loizos L, Jakob M, Kordes UR, Schmid I, Hauer J, Blattmann C, Filippidou M, Piccolo G, Scheurlen W, Farrag A, Grund K, Sutter C, Pietsch T, Frank S, Schewe DM, Malkin D, Ben-Arush M, Sehested A, Wong TT, Wu KS, Liu YL, Carceller F, Mueller S, Stoller S, Taylor MD, Tabori U, Bouffet E, Kool M, Sahm F, von Deimling A, Korshunov A, von Hoff K, Kratz CP, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Rutkowski S, van Tilburg CM, Witt O, Bougeard G, Pajtler KW, Pfister SM, Bourdeaut F, Milde T
Neuro Oncol 2023 Dec 8;25(12):2273-2286. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noad114. PMID: 37379234Free PMC Article
Oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of pediatric brainstem gliomas.
Gállego Pérez-Larraya J, García-Moure M, Alonso MM
Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023 Jun;179(5):475-480. Epub 2023 Apr 13 doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.03.016. PMID: 37061388
Childhood Medulloblastoma: An Overview.
Suk Y, Gwynne WD, Burns I, Venugopal C, Singh SK
Methods Mol Biol 2022;2423:1-12. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1952-0_1. PMID: 34978683
Selumetinib in paediatric patients with BRAF-aberrant or neurofibromatosis type 1-associated recurrent, refractory, or progressive low-grade glioma: a multicentre, phase 2 trial.
Fangusaro J, Onar-Thomas A, Young Poussaint T, Wu S, Ligon AH, Lindeman N, Banerjee A, Packer RJ, Kilburn LB, Goldman S, Pollack IF, Qaddoumi I, Jakacki RI, Fisher PG, Dhall G, Baxter P, Kreissman SG, Stewart CF, Jones DTW, Pfister SM, Vezina G, Stern JS, Panigrahy A, Patay Z, Tamrazi B, Jones JY, Haque SS, Enterline DS, Cha S, Fisher MJ, Doyle LA, Smith M, Dunkel IJ, Fouladi M
Lancet Oncol 2019 Jul;20(7):1011-1022. Epub 2019 May 28 doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30277-3. PMID: 31151904Free PMC Article
Childhood brain tumors.
Crawford J
Pediatr Rev 2013 Feb;34(2):63-78. doi: 10.1542/pir.34-2-63. PMID: 23378614

Therapy

Intraventricular B7-H3 CAR T Cells for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: Preliminary First-in-Human Bioactivity and Safety.
Vitanza NA, Wilson AL, Huang W, Seidel K, Brown C, Gustafson JA, Yokoyama JK, Johnson AJ, Baxter BA, Koning RW, Reid AN, Meechan M, Biery MC, Myers C, Rawlings-Rhea SD, Albert CM, Browd SR, Hauptman JS, Lee A, Ojemann JG, Berens ME, Dun MD, Foster JB, Crotty EE, Leary SES, Cole BL, Perez FA, Wright JN, Orentas RJ, Chour T, Newell EW, Whiteaker JR, Zhao L, Paulovich AG, Pinto N, Gust J, Gardner RA, Jensen MC, Park JR
Cancer Discov 2023 Jan 9;13(1):114-131. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-22-0750. PMID: 36259971Free PMC Article
A phase II trial of selumetinib in children with recurrent optic pathway and hypothalamic low-grade glioma without NF1: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium study.
Fangusaro J, Onar-Thomas A, Poussaint TY, Wu S, Ligon AH, Lindeman N, Campagne O, Banerjee A, Gururangan S, Kilburn LB, Goldman S, Qaddoumi I, Baxter P, Vezina G, Bregman C, Patay Z, Jones JY, Stewart CF, Fisher MJ, Doyle LA, Smith M, Dunkel IJ, Fouladi M
Neuro Oncol 2021 Oct 1;23(10):1777-1788. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noab047. PMID: 33631016Free PMC Article
Locoregional delivery of CAR T cells to the cerebrospinal fluid for treatment of metastatic medulloblastoma and ependymoma.
Donovan LK, Delaidelli A, Joseph SK, Bielamowicz K, Fousek K, Holgado BL, Manno A, Srikanthan D, Gad AZ, Van Ommeren R, Przelicki D, Richman C, Ramaswamy V, Daniels C, Pallota JG, Douglas T, Joynt ACM, Haapasalo J, Nor C, Vladoiu MC, Kuzan-Fischer CM, Garzia L, Mack SC, Varadharajan S, Baker ML, Hendrikse L, Ly M, Kharas K, Balin P, Wu X, Qin L, Huang N, Stucklin AG, Morrissy AS, Cavalli FMG, Luu B, Suarez R, De Antonellis P, Michealraj A, Rastan A, Hegde M, Komosa M, Sirbu O, Kumar SA, Abdullaev Z, Faria CC, Yip S, Hukin J, Tabori U, Hawkins C, Aldape K, Daugaard M, Maris JM, Sorensen PH, Ahmed N, Taylor MD
Nat Med 2020 May;26(5):720-731. Epub 2020 Apr 27 doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0827-2. PMID: 32341580Free PMC Article
Selumetinib in paediatric patients with BRAF-aberrant or neurofibromatosis type 1-associated recurrent, refractory, or progressive low-grade glioma: a multicentre, phase 2 trial.
Fangusaro J, Onar-Thomas A, Young Poussaint T, Wu S, Ligon AH, Lindeman N, Banerjee A, Packer RJ, Kilburn LB, Goldman S, Pollack IF, Qaddoumi I, Jakacki RI, Fisher PG, Dhall G, Baxter P, Kreissman SG, Stewart CF, Jones DTW, Pfister SM, Vezina G, Stern JS, Panigrahy A, Patay Z, Tamrazi B, Jones JY, Haque SS, Enterline DS, Cha S, Fisher MJ, Doyle LA, Smith M, Dunkel IJ, Fouladi M
Lancet Oncol 2019 Jul;20(7):1011-1022. Epub 2019 May 28 doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30277-3. PMID: 31151904Free PMC Article
Immunobiology and immunotherapeutic targeting of glioma stem cells.
Madany M, Thomas TM, Edwards L, Yu JS
Adv Exp Med Biol 2015;853:139-66. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_8. PMID: 25895711

Prognosis

Clinical outcome of pediatric medulloblastoma patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
Kolodziejczak AS, Guerrini-Rousseau L, Planchon JM, Ecker J, Selt F, Mynarek M, Obrecht D, Sill M, Autry RJ, Stutheit-Zhao E, Hirsch S, Amouyal E, Dufour C, Ayrault O, Torrejon J, Waszak SM, Ramaswamy V, Pentikainen V, Demir HA, Clifford SC, Schwalbe EC, Massimi L, Snuderl M, Galbraith K, Karajannis MA, Hill K, Li BK, Walsh M, White CL, Redmond S, Loizos L, Jakob M, Kordes UR, Schmid I, Hauer J, Blattmann C, Filippidou M, Piccolo G, Scheurlen W, Farrag A, Grund K, Sutter C, Pietsch T, Frank S, Schewe DM, Malkin D, Ben-Arush M, Sehested A, Wong TT, Wu KS, Liu YL, Carceller F, Mueller S, Stoller S, Taylor MD, Tabori U, Bouffet E, Kool M, Sahm F, von Deimling A, Korshunov A, von Hoff K, Kratz CP, Sturm D, Jones DTW, Rutkowski S, van Tilburg CM, Witt O, Bougeard G, Pajtler KW, Pfister SM, Bourdeaut F, Milde T
Neuro Oncol 2023 Dec 8;25(12):2273-2286. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noad114. PMID: 37379234Free PMC Article
Childhood Medulloblastoma: An Overview.
Suk Y, Gwynne WD, Burns I, Venugopal C, Singh SK
Methods Mol Biol 2022;2423:1-12. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1952-0_1. PMID: 34978683
A phase II trial of selumetinib in children with recurrent optic pathway and hypothalamic low-grade glioma without NF1: a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium study.
Fangusaro J, Onar-Thomas A, Poussaint TY, Wu S, Ligon AH, Lindeman N, Campagne O, Banerjee A, Gururangan S, Kilburn LB, Goldman S, Qaddoumi I, Baxter P, Vezina G, Bregman C, Patay Z, Jones JY, Stewart CF, Fisher MJ, Doyle LA, Smith M, Dunkel IJ, Fouladi M
Neuro Oncol 2021 Oct 1;23(10):1777-1788. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noab047. PMID: 33631016Free PMC Article
Selumetinib in paediatric patients with BRAF-aberrant or neurofibromatosis type 1-associated recurrent, refractory, or progressive low-grade glioma: a multicentre, phase 2 trial.
Fangusaro J, Onar-Thomas A, Young Poussaint T, Wu S, Ligon AH, Lindeman N, Banerjee A, Packer RJ, Kilburn LB, Goldman S, Pollack IF, Qaddoumi I, Jakacki RI, Fisher PG, Dhall G, Baxter P, Kreissman SG, Stewart CF, Jones DTW, Pfister SM, Vezina G, Stern JS, Panigrahy A, Patay Z, Tamrazi B, Jones JY, Haque SS, Enterline DS, Cha S, Fisher MJ, Doyle LA, Smith M, Dunkel IJ, Fouladi M
Lancet Oncol 2019 Jul;20(7):1011-1022. Epub 2019 May 28 doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30277-3. PMID: 31151904Free PMC Article
Childhood brain tumors.
Crawford J
Pediatr Rev 2013 Feb;34(2):63-78. doi: 10.1542/pir.34-2-63. PMID: 23378614

Clinical prediction guides

Gliomatosis cerebri in children: A poor prognostic phenotype of diffuse gliomas with a distinct molecular profile.
Nussbaumer G, Benesch M, Grabovska Y, Mackay A, Castel D, Grill J, Alonso MM, Antonelli M, Bailey S, Baugh JN, Biassoni V, Blattner-Johnson M, Broniscer A, Carai A, Colafati GS, Colditz N, Corbacioglu S, Crampsie S, Entz-Werle N, Eyrich M, Friker LL, Frühwald MC, Garrè ML, Gerber NU, Giangaspero F, Gil-da-Costa MJ, Graf N, Hargrave D, Hauser P, Herrlinger U, Hoffmann M, Hulleman E, Izquierdo E, Jacobs S, Karremann M, Kattamis A, Kebudi R, Kortmann RD, Kwiecien R, Massimino M, Mastronuzzi A, Miele E, Morana G, Noack CM, Pentikainen V, Perwein T, Pfister SM, Pietsch T, Roka K, Rossi S, Rutkowski S, Schiavello E, Seidel C, Štěrba J, Sturm D, Sumerauer D, Tacke A, Temelso S, Valentini C, van Vuurden D, Varlet P, Veldhuijzen van Zanten SEM, Vinci M, von Bueren AO, Warmuth-Metz M, Wesseling P, Wiese M, Wolff JEA, Zamecnik J, Morales La Madrid A, Bison B, Gielen GH, Jones DTW, Jones C, Kramm CM
Neuro Oncol 2024 Sep 5;26(9):1723-1737. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noae080. PMID: 38717379Free PMC Article
Brain and Brain Stem Necrosis After Reirradiation for Recurrent Childhood Primary Central Nervous System Tumors: A PENTEC Comprehensive Review.
Ajithkumar T, Avanzo M, Yorke E, Tsang DS, Milano MT, Olch AJ, Merchant TE, Dieckmann K, Mahajan A, Fuji H, Paulino AC, Timmermann B, Marks LB, Bentzen SM, Jackson A, Constine LS
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024 Jun 1;119(2):655-668. Epub 2024 Feb 1 doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.12.043. PMID: 38300187
Combined Immunotherapy Improves Outcome for Replication-Repair-Deficient (RRD) High-Grade Glioma Failing Anti-PD-1 Monotherapy: A Report from the International RRD Consortium.
Das A, Fernandez NR, Levine A, Bianchi V, Stengs LK, Chung J, Negm L, Dimayacyac JR, Chang Y, Nobre L, Ercan AB, Sanchez-Ramirez S, Sudhaman S, Edwards M, Larouche V, Samuel D, Van Damme A, Gass D, Ziegler DS, Bielack SS, Koschmann C, Zelcer S, Yalon-Oren M, Campino GA, Sarosiek T, Nichols KE, Loret De Mola R, Bielamowicz K, Sabel M, Frojd CA, Wood MD, Glover JM, Lee YY, Vanan M, Adamski JK, Perreault S, Chamdine O, Hjort MA, Zapotocky M, Carceller F, Wright E, Fedorakova I, Lossos A, Tanaka R, Osborn M, Blumenthal DT, Aronson M, Bartels U, Huang A, Ramaswamy V, Malkin D, Shlien A, Villani A, Dirks PB, Pugh TJ, Getz G, Maruvka YE, Tsang DS, Ertl-Wagner B, Hawkins C, Bouffet E, Morgenstern DA, Tabori U
Cancer Discov 2024 Feb 8;14(2):258-273. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-23-0559. PMID: 37823831Free PMC Article
Genomic predictors of response to PD-1 inhibition in children with germline DNA replication repair deficiency.
Das A, Sudhaman S, Morgenstern D, Coblentz A, Chung J, Stone SC, Alsafwani N, Liu ZA, Karsaneh OAA, Soleimani S, Ladany H, Chen D, Zatzman M, Cabric V, Nobre L, Bianchi V, Edwards M, Sambira Nahum LC, Ercan AB, Nabbi A, Constantini S, Dvir R, Yalon-Oren M, Campino GA, Caspi S, Larouche V, Reddy A, Osborn M, Mason G, Lindhorst S, Bronsema A, Magimairajan V, Opocher E, De Mola RL, Sabel M, Frojd C, Sumerauer D, Samuel D, Cole K, Chiaravalli S, Massimino M, Tomboc P, Ziegler DS, George B, Van Damme A, Hijiya N, Gass D, McGee RB, Mordechai O, Bowers DC, Laetsch TW, Lossos A, Blumenthal DT, Sarosiek T, Yen LY, Knipstein J, Bendel A, Hoffman LM, Luna-Fineman S, Zimmermann S, Scheers I, Nichols KE, Zapotocky M, Hansford JR, Maris JM, Dirks P, Taylor MD, Kulkarni AV, Shroff M, Tsang DS, Villani A, Xu W, Aronson M, Durno C, Shlien A, Malkin D, Getz G, Maruvka YE, Ohashi PS, Hawkins C, Pugh TJ, Bouffet E, Tabori U
Nat Med 2022 Jan;28(1):125-135. Epub 2022 Jan 6 doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01581-6. PMID: 34992263Free PMC Article
Selumetinib in paediatric patients with BRAF-aberrant or neurofibromatosis type 1-associated recurrent, refractory, or progressive low-grade glioma: a multicentre, phase 2 trial.
Fangusaro J, Onar-Thomas A, Young Poussaint T, Wu S, Ligon AH, Lindeman N, Banerjee A, Packer RJ, Kilburn LB, Goldman S, Pollack IF, Qaddoumi I, Jakacki RI, Fisher PG, Dhall G, Baxter P, Kreissman SG, Stewart CF, Jones DTW, Pfister SM, Vezina G, Stern JS, Panigrahy A, Patay Z, Tamrazi B, Jones JY, Haque SS, Enterline DS, Cha S, Fisher MJ, Doyle LA, Smith M, Dunkel IJ, Fouladi M
Lancet Oncol 2019 Jul;20(7):1011-1022. Epub 2019 May 28 doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30277-3. PMID: 31151904Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Brain and Brain Stem Necrosis After Reirradiation for Recurrent Childhood Primary Central Nervous System Tumors: A PENTEC Comprehensive Review.
Ajithkumar T, Avanzo M, Yorke E, Tsang DS, Milano MT, Olch AJ, Merchant TE, Dieckmann K, Mahajan A, Fuji H, Paulino AC, Timmermann B, Marks LB, Bentzen SM, Jackson A, Constine LS
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024 Jun 1;119(2):655-668. Epub 2024 Feb 1 doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.12.043. PMID: 38300187
Medulloblastoma cancer stem cells: molecular signatures and therapeutic targets.
Bahmad HF, Poppiti RJ
J Clin Pathol 2020 May;73(5):243-249. Epub 2020 Feb 7 doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206246. PMID: 32034059

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