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Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome(SCT)

MedGen UID:
341339
Concept ID:
C1848934
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Scoliosis, congenital with unilateral unsegmented bar; SCT; Spondylocarpotarsal syndrome; Synspondylism congenital; Vertebral fusion with carpal coalition
SNOMED CT: Congenital scoliosis with unilateral unsegmented bar (702351004); Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome (702351004); Congenital synspondylism (702351004); Vertebral fusion with carpal coalition (702351004)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): FLNB (3p14.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0010094
OMIM®: 272460
Orphanet: ORPHA3275

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: FLNB Disorders
The FLNB disorders include a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from mild to severe. At the mild end are spondylocarpotarsal synostosis (SCT) syndrome and Larsen syndrome; at the severe end are the phenotypic continuum of atelosteogenesis types I (AOI) and III (AOIII) and Piepkorn osteochondrodysplasia (POCD). SCT syndrome is characterized by postnatal disproportionate short stature, scoliosis and lordosis, clubfeet, hearing loss, dental enamel hypoplasia, carpal and tarsal synostosis, and vertebral fusions. Larsen syndrome is characterized by congenital dislocations of the hip, knee, and elbow; clubfeet (equinovarus or equinovalgus foot deformities); scoliosis and cervical kyphosis, which can be associated with a cervical myelopathy; short, broad, spatulate distal phalanges; distinctive craniofacies (prominent forehead, depressed nasal bridge, malar flattening, and widely spaced eyes); vertebral anomalies; and supernumerary carpal and tarsal bone ossification centers. Individuals with SCT syndrome and Larsen syndrome can have midline cleft palate and hearing loss. AOI and AOIII are characterized by severe short-limbed dwarfism; dislocated hips, knees, and elbows; and clubfeet. AOI is lethal in the perinatal period. In individuals with AOIII, survival beyond the neonatal period is possible with intensive and invasive respiratory support. Piepkorn osteochondrodysplasia (POCD) is a perinatal-lethal micromelic dwarfism characterized by flipper-like limbs (polysyndactyly with complete syndactyly of all fingers and toes, hypoplastic or absent first digits, and duplicated intermediate and distal phalanges), macrobrachycephaly, prominant forehead, hypertelorism, and exophthalmos. Occasional features include cleft palate, omphalocele, and cardiac and genitourinary anomalies. The radiographic features at mid-gestation are characteristic. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Stephen Robertson   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome (SCT) is characterized by disproportionate short stature and spinal deformity. Clinical features include clubfeet, facial dysmorphism, dental enamel hypoplasia, cleft palate, joint laxity, and conductive hearing loss. Characteristic radiologic findings include block vertebrae and carpal and tarsal fusion. Delay in ossification of the epiphyses of carpal bones and epiphyseal dysplasia of the femur have been observed (Salian et al., 2018). Spondylocarpotarsal fusions in association with contractures and pterygia (see CPSKF1A, 178110 and CPSKF1B, 618649) can be caused by mutation in the MYH3 gene (160720).  http://www.omim.org/entry/272460
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome is a disorder that affects the development of bones throughout the body. Newborns with this disorder are of approximately normal length, but impaired growth of the torso results in short stature over time. The bones of the spine (vertebrae) are misshapen and abnormally joined together (fused). The vertebral abnormalities may result in an abnormally curved lower back (lordosis) and a spine that curves to the side (scoliosis).

People with spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome have abnormalities and fusion of the bones of the wrist (carpal bones) and ankle (tarsal bones). They may also have inward- and upward-turning feet (clubfeet). Characteristic facial features include a round face, a large forehead (frontal bossing), and nostrils that open to the front rather than downward (anteverted nares).

Some people with spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome have an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate), hearing loss, thin tooth enamel, flat feet, or an unusually large range of joint movement (hypermobility). Individuals with this disorder can survive into adulthood. Intelligence is generally unaffected, although mild developmental delay has been reported in some affected individuals.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/spondylocarpotarsal-synostosis-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Renal cyst
MedGen UID:
854361
Concept ID:
C3887499
Disease or Syndrome
A fluid filled sac in the kidney.
Clubfoot
MedGen UID:
3130
Concept ID:
C0009081
Congenital Abnormality
Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).
Pes planus
MedGen UID:
42034
Concept ID:
C0016202
Anatomical Abnormality
A foot where the longitudinal arch of the foot is in contact with the ground or floor when the individual is standing; or, in a patient lying supine, a foot where the arch is in contact with the surface of a flat board pressed against the sole of the foot by the examiner with a pressure similar to that expected from weight bearing; or, the height of the arch is reduced.
Brachydactyly
MedGen UID:
67454
Concept ID:
C0221357
Congenital Abnormality
Digits that appear disproportionately short compared to the hand/foot. The word brachydactyly is used here to describe a series distinct patterns of shortened digits (brachydactyly types A-E). This is the sense used here.
Scapular winging
MedGen UID:
66822
Concept ID:
C0240953
Anatomical Abnormality
Abnormal protrusion of the scapula away from the surface of the back.
Short metacarpal
MedGen UID:
323064
Concept ID:
C1837084
Anatomical Abnormality
Diminished length of one or more metacarpal bones in relation to the others of the same hand or to the contralateral metacarpal.
Clinodactyly of the 5th finger
MedGen UID:
340456
Concept ID:
C1850049
Congenital Abnormality
Clinodactyly refers to a bending or curvature of the fifth finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).
Bowed humerus
MedGen UID:
395269
Concept ID:
C1859460
Finding
A bending or abnormal curvature of the humerus.
Limited elbow extension
MedGen UID:
401158
Concept ID:
C1867103
Finding
Limited ability to straighten the arm at the elbow joint.
Coxa vara
MedGen UID:
1790477
Concept ID:
C5551440
Anatomical Abnormality
Coxa vara includes all forms of decrease of the femoral neck shaft angle (the angle between the neck and the shaft of the femur) to less than 120 degrees.
Sensorineural hearing loss disorder
MedGen UID:
9164
Concept ID:
C0018784
Disease or Syndrome
A type of hearing impairment in one or both ears related to an abnormal functionality of the cochlear nerve.
Mixed hearing impairment
MedGen UID:
102336
Concept ID:
C0155552
Disease or Syndrome
A type of hearing loss resulting from a combination of conductive hearing impairment and sensorineural hearing impairment.
Inguinal hernia
MedGen UID:
6817
Concept ID:
C0019294
Finding
Protrusion of the contents of the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
Hyperlordosis
MedGen UID:
9805
Concept ID:
C0024003
Finding
Abnormally increased curvature (anterior concavity) of the lumbar or cervical spine.
Platybasia
MedGen UID:
45959
Concept ID:
C0032209
Congenital Abnormality
A developmental malformation of the occipital bone and upper end of the cervical spine, in which the latter appears to have pushed the floor of the occipital bone upward such that there is an abnormal flattening of the skull base.
Scoliosis
MedGen UID:
11348
Concept ID:
C0036439
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Pectus carinatum
MedGen UID:
57643
Concept ID:
C0158731
Finding
A deformity of the chest caused by overgrowth of the ribs and characterized by protrusion of the sternum.
Frontal bossing
MedGen UID:
67453
Concept ID:
C0221354
Congenital Abnormality
Bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone prominences with relative sparing of the midline.
Tarsal synostosis
MedGen UID:
539393
Concept ID:
C0265654
Congenital Abnormality
Synostosis (bony fusion) involving one or more bones of the tarsus (calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiiform bones).
Epiphyseal dysplasia
MedGen UID:
95932
Concept ID:
C0392476
Congenital Abnormality
Carpal synostosis
MedGen UID:
98468
Concept ID:
C0431863
Congenital Abnormality
Synostosis (bony fusion) involving one or more bones of the carpus (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate, pisiform).
Vertebral segmentation defect
MedGen UID:
96577
Concept ID:
C0432163
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality related to a defect of vertebral separation during development.
Delayed skeletal maturation
MedGen UID:
108148
Concept ID:
C0541764
Finding
A decreased rate of skeletal maturation. Delayed skeletal maturation can be diagnosed on the basis of an estimation of the bone age from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.
Block vertebrae
MedGen UID:
375498
Concept ID:
C1844753
Congenital Abnormality
Congenital synostosis between two or more adjacent vertebrae (partial or complete fusion of adjacent vertabral bodies).
Disproportionate short-trunk short stature
MedGen UID:
337580
Concept ID:
C1846435
Finding
A type of disproportionate short stature characterized by a short trunk but a average-sized limbs.
Odontoid hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
339524
Concept ID:
C1846439
Finding
The odontoid process, or dens, is a bony projection from the axis (C2) upward into the ring of the atlas (C1) at the top of the spine. During embryogenesis, the body of the odontoid derives from the centrum of the atlas and separates from the atlas, fusing with the superior portion of the axis. If the odontoid is hypoplastic or absent, the attachments for the apical and alar ligaments are missing, allowing for excessive rotation of the atlas, craniocervical instability, and possibly cord compression (summary by Stevens et al., 2009).
Capitate-hamate fusion
MedGen UID:
346488
Concept ID:
C1857002
Finding
Small foramen magnum
MedGen UID:
348813
Concept ID:
C1861217
Finding
An abnormal narrowing of the foramen magnum.
C2-C3 subluxation
MedGen UID:
395593
Concept ID:
C2678323
Finding
A partial dislocation of the intervertebral joint between the second and third cervical vertebrae.
Vertebral fusion
MedGen UID:
480139
Concept ID:
C3278509
Anatomical Abnormality
A developmental defect leading to the union of two adjacent vertebrae.
Abnormal pelvic girdle bone morphology
MedGen UID:
866545
Concept ID:
C4020847
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormality of the bony pelvic girdle, which is a ring of bones connecting the vertebral column to the femurs.
Restrictive ventilatory defect
MedGen UID:
478856
Concept ID:
C3277226
Finding
A functional defect characterized by reduced total lung capacity (TLC) not associated with abnormalities of expiratory airflow or airway resistance. Spirometrically, a restrictive defect is defined as FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and FVC (forced vital capacity) less than 80 per cent. Restrictive lung disease may be caused by alterations in lung parenchyma or because of a disease of the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular apparatus.
Enamel hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
3730
Concept ID:
C0011351
Disease or Syndrome
Developmental hypoplasia of the dental enamel.
Broad nasal tip
MedGen UID:
98424
Concept ID:
C0426429
Finding
Increase in width of the nasal tip.
Short neck
MedGen UID:
99267
Concept ID:
C0521525
Finding
Diminished length of the neck.
Anteverted nares
MedGen UID:
326648
Concept ID:
C1840077
Finding
Anteriorly-facing nostrils viewed with the head in the Frankfurt horizontal and the eyes of the observer level with the eyes of the subject. This gives the appearance of an upturned nose (upturned nasal tip).
Short nose
MedGen UID:
343052
Concept ID:
C1854114
Finding
Distance from nasion to subnasale more than two standard deviations below the mean, or alternatively, an apparently decreased length from the nasal root to the nasal tip.
Broad face
MedGen UID:
349223
Concept ID:
C1859680
Finding
Bizygomatic (upper face) and bigonial (lower face) width greater than 2 standard deviations above the mean (objective); or an apparent increase in the width of the face (subjective).
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).
Failure of eruption of permanent teeth
MedGen UID:
870606
Concept ID:
C4025056
Anatomical Abnormality
Lack of tooth eruption of the secondary dentition.
Preauricular skin tag
MedGen UID:
395989
Concept ID:
C1860816
Finding
A rudimentary tag of skin often containing ear tissue including a core of cartilage and located just anterior to the auricle (outer part of the ear).
Hypertelorism
MedGen UID:
9373
Concept ID:
C0020534
Finding
Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).
Cataract
MedGen UID:
39462
Concept ID:
C0086543
Disease or Syndrome
A cataract is an opacity or clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its capsule.
Abnormality of retinal pigmentation
MedGen UID:
350681
Concept ID:
C1862475
Finding

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVSpondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome
Follow this link to review classifications for Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome in Orphanet.

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Qasim H, Khan H, Zeb H, Ahmad A, Ilyas M, Zahoor M, Umar MN, Ullah R, Ali EA
J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2024 May 1;35(3):181-187. Epub 2024 May 16 doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2024-0031. PMID: 38743867
Whittle J, Antunes L, Harris M, Upshaw Z, Sepich DS, Johnson AN, Mokalled M, Solnica-Krezel L, Dobbs MB, Gurnett CA
EMBO Mol Med 2020 Nov 6;12(11):e12356. Epub 2020 Oct 5 doi: 10.15252/emmm.202012356. PMID: 33016623Free PMC Article
Takagi M, Shimomura S, Fukuzawa R, Narumi S, Nishimura G, Hasegawa T
J Hum Genet 2018 Dec;63(12):1277-1281. Epub 2018 Sep 18 doi: 10.1038/s10038-018-0513-0. PMID: 30228365
Yang CF, Wang CH, Siong H'ng W, Chang CP, Lin WD, Chen YT, Wu JY, Tsai FJ
Hum Mutat 2017 May;38(5):540-547. Epub 2017 Feb 27 doi: 10.1002/humu.23186. PMID: 28145000
Sawyer GM, Clark AR, Robertson SP, Sutherland-Smith AJ
J Mol Biol 2009 Jul 31;390(5):1030-47. Epub 2009 Jun 6 doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.06.009. PMID: 19505475

Diagnosis

Cameron-Christie SR, Wells CF, Simon M, Wessels M, Tang CZN, Wei W, Takei R, Aarts-Tesselaar C, Sandaradura S, Sillence DO, Cordier MP, Veenstra-Knol HE, Cassina M, Ludwig K, Trevisson E, Bahlo M, Markie DM, Jenkins ZA, Robertson SP
Am J Hum Genet 2018 Jun 7;102(6):1115-1125. Epub 2018 May 24 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.04.008. PMID: 29805041Free PMC Article
Salian S, Shukla A, Shah H, Bhat SN, Bhat VR, Nampoothiri S, Shenoy R, Phadke SR, Hariharan SV, Girisha KM
Clin Genet 2018 Jul;94(1):159-164. Epub 2018 Apr 14 doi: 10.1111/cge.13252. PMID: 29566257
Yang CF, Wang CH, Siong H'ng W, Chang CP, Lin WD, Chen YT, Wu JY, Tsai FJ
Hum Mutat 2017 May;38(5):540-547. Epub 2017 Feb 27 doi: 10.1002/humu.23186. PMID: 28145000
Isidor B, Cormier-Daire V, Le Merrer M, Lefrancois T, Hamel A, Le Caignec C, David A, Jacquemont S
Am J Med Genet A 2008 Jun 15;146A(12):1593-7. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32217. PMID: 18470895
Coêlho KE, Ramos ES, Felix TM, Martelli L, de Pina-Neto JM, Niikawa N
Am J Med Genet 1998 Apr 28;77(1):12-5. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980428)77:1<12::aid-ajmg3>3.0.co;2-n. PMID: 9557886

Prognosis

Fukushima K, Parthasarathy P, Wade EM, Morgan T, Gowrishankar K, Markie DM, Robertson SP
Genes (Basel) 2021 Apr 5;12(4) doi: 10.3390/genes12040528. PMID: 33916386Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Fukushima K, Parthasarathy P, Wade EM, Morgan T, Gowrishankar K, Markie DM, Robertson SP
Genes (Basel) 2021 Apr 5;12(4) doi: 10.3390/genes12040528. PMID: 33916386Free PMC Article
Takagi M, Shimomura S, Fukuzawa R, Narumi S, Nishimura G, Hasegawa T
J Hum Genet 2018 Dec;63(12):1277-1281. Epub 2018 Sep 18 doi: 10.1038/s10038-018-0513-0. PMID: 30228365
Cameron-Christie SR, Wells CF, Simon M, Wessels M, Tang CZN, Wei W, Takei R, Aarts-Tesselaar C, Sandaradura S, Sillence DO, Cordier MP, Veenstra-Knol HE, Cassina M, Ludwig K, Trevisson E, Bahlo M, Markie DM, Jenkins ZA, Robertson SP
Am J Hum Genet 2018 Jun 7;102(6):1115-1125. Epub 2018 May 24 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.04.008. PMID: 29805041Free PMC Article
Carapito R, Goldenberg A, Paul N, Pichot A, David A, Hamel A, Dumant-Forest C, Leroux J, Ory B, Isidor B, Bahram S
Eur J Hum Genet 2016 Dec;24(12):1746-1751. Epub 2016 Jul 6 doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.84. PMID: 27381093Free PMC Article
Steiner C, Ehtesham N, Taylor KD, Sebald E, Cantor R, King LM, Guo X, Hang T, Hu MS, Cui JR, Friedman B, Norato D, Allanson J, Honeywell C, Mettler G, Field F, Lachman R, Cohn DH, Krakow D
J Med Genet 2004 Apr;41(4):266-9. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2003.012252. PMID: 15060099Free PMC Article

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