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Klippel-Feil syndrome 3, autosomal dominant(KFS3)

MedGen UID:
462317
Concept ID:
C3150967
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: KFS3
 
Gene (location): GDF3 (12p13.31)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013375
OMIM®: 613702

Definition

Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) is a congenital anomaly characterized by a defect in the formation or segmentation of the cervical vertebrae, resulting in a fused appearance. The clinical triad consists of short neck, low posterior hairline, and limited neck movement, although less than 50% of patients demonstrate all 3 clinical features (Tracy et al., 2004). For a general description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Klippel-Feil syndrome, see KFS1 (118100). [from OMIM]

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
People with Klippel-Feil syndrome may have a wide variety of other features in addition to their spine abnormalities. Some people with this condition have hearing difficulties, eye abnormalities, an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), genitourinary problems such as abnormal kidneys or reproductive organs, heart abnormalities, or lung defects that can cause breathing problems. Affected individuals may have other skeletal defects including arms or legs of unequal length (limb length discrepancy), which can result in misalignment of the hips or knees. Additionally, the shoulder blades may be underdeveloped so that they sit abnormally high on the back, a condition called Sprengel deformity. Rarely, structural brain abnormalities or a type of birth defect that occurs during the development of the brain and spinal cord (neural tube defect) can occur in people with Klippel-Feil syndrome.

In people with Klippel-Feil syndrome, the fused vertebrae can limit the range of movement of the neck and back as well as lead to chronic headaches and muscle pain in the neck and back that range in severity. People with minimal bone involvement often have fewer problems compared to individuals with several vertebrae affected. The shortened neck can cause a slight difference in the size and shape of the right and left sides of the face (facial asymmetry). Trauma to the spine, such as a fall or car accident, can aggravate problems in the fused area. Fusion of the vertebrae can lead to nerve damage in the head, neck, or back. Over time, individuals with Klippel-Feil syndrome can develop a narrowing of the spinal canal (spinal stenosis) in the neck, which can compress and damage the spinal cord. Rarely, spinal nerve abnormalities may cause abnormal sensations or involuntary movements in people with Klippel-Feil syndrome. Affected individuals may develop a painful joint disorder called osteoarthritis around the areas of fused bone or experience painful involuntary tensing of the neck muscles (cervical dystonia). In addition to the fused cervical bones, people with this condition may have abnormalities in other vertebrae. Many people with Klippel-Feil syndrome have abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis) due to malformation of the vertebrae; fusion of additional vertebrae below the neck may also occur.

In some cases, Klippel-Feil syndrome occurs as a feature of another disorder or syndrome, such as Wildervanck syndrome or hemifacial microsomia. In these instances, affected individuals have the signs and symptoms of both Klippel-Feil syndrome and the additional disorder.

Klippel-Feil syndrome is a bone disorder characterized by the abnormal joining (fusion) of two or more spinal bones in the neck (cervical vertebrae). The vertebral fusion is present from birth. Three major features result from this vertebral fusion: a short neck, the resulting appearance of a low hairline at the back of the head, and a limited range of motion in the neck. Most affected people have one or two of these characteristic features. Less than half of all individuals with Klippel-Feil syndrome have all three classic features of this condition.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/klippel-feil-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Thoracic scoliosis
MedGen UID:
387910
Concept ID:
C1857790
Anatomical Abnormality
Cervical C3/C4 vertebral fusion
MedGen UID:
868147
Concept ID:
C4022538
Anatomical Abnormality
Fusion of cervical vertebrae at C3 and C4, caused by a failure in the normal segmentation or division of the cervical vertebrae during the early weeks of fetal development.
Cervical C5/C6 vertebrae fusion
MedGen UID:
870841
Concept ID:
C4025301
Anatomical Abnormality
Fusion of the C5 and C6 cervical vertebrae.
Cervical C6/C7 vertebrae fusion
MedGen UID:
1054651
Concept ID:
CN377956
Finding
Fusion of cervical vertebrae at C6 and C7, caused by a failure in the normal segmentation or division of the cervical vertebrae during the early weeks of fetal development, leading to a short neck with a low hairline at the back of the head, and restricted mobility of the upper spine.
Iris coloboma
MedGen UID:
116097
Concept ID:
C0240063
Anatomical Abnormality
A coloboma of the iris.
Chorioretinal coloboma
MedGen UID:
66820
Concept ID:
C0240896
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of a region of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid.

Recent clinical studies

Diagnosis

Bach MY, Miron SR, Kurolap A, Feldman HB
Am J Med Genet A 2024 Jun;194(6):e63550. Epub 2024 Jan 31 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63550. PMID: 38297485
Da Broi M, Nouri A, Patet G, Paun L, Bartoli A, Molliqaj G, Schaller K, Tessitore E
J Med Case Rep 2023 Dec 23;17(1):528. doi: 10.1186/s13256-023-04263-8. PMID: 38135884Free PMC Article
Lowry RB, Jabs EW, Graham GE, Gerritsen J, Fleming J
Am J Med Genet 2001 Nov 22;104(2):112-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.10049. PMID: 11746040

Prognosis

Bach MY, Miron SR, Kurolap A, Feldman HB
Am J Med Genet A 2024 Jun;194(6):e63550. Epub 2024 Jan 31 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63550. PMID: 38297485

Clinical prediction guides

Bach MY, Miron SR, Kurolap A, Feldman HB
Am J Med Genet A 2024 Jun;194(6):e63550. Epub 2024 Jan 31 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63550. PMID: 38297485
Corsello G, Carcione A, Castro L, Giuffrè L
Klin Padiatr 1990 May-Jun;202(3):176-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1025514. PMID: 2355722

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