Table 4Risk of Bias Summary — RCTs (RoB 2, Effect of Assignment to the Intervention)41

Study citation Bias arising from the randomization process Bias due to deviations from intended interventions Bias due to missing outcome data Bias in measurement of the outcome Bias in selection of the reported result Overall risk of bias
Conley et al. (2020)39; Hundert et al. (2021)40All outcomes: Some concerns [?]All outcomes: Low riskAll outcomes: High risk [?]All outcomes: High risk [+]All outcomes: Some concerns [ND]All outcomes: High risk [?]
Mulfinger et al. (2018)50All outcomes: Low riskAll outcomes: Low riskAll outcomes: High risk [?]All outcomes: High risk [+]All outcomes: Some concerns [ND]All outcomes: High risk [?]

RCT = randomized controlled trial; RoB 2 = version 2 of the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.41

Note: the predicted direction of bias arising from each domain and the overall risk of bias is indicated in square brackets: [+] suggests the bias may favour the intervention; [−] suggests the bias may favour the comparator; [ND] suggests the bias may influence the result toward the null; [?] suggests the predicted direction is unclear.

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