Table 2.

Clinical Manifestations of TK2-Related Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance Defect

Age of OnsetPrevalenceManifestationFrequency
Age <2 years
(infantile onset)
61/89 (69%)Hypotonia55/57 (96%)
Elevated serum CK56/59 (95%)
Respiratory difficulties48/53 (91%)
Loss of previously acquired motor skills43/49 (88%)
mtDNA depletion33/40 (83%)
Hyporeflexia31/39 (79%)
Lactic acidemia28/42 (67%)
Motor developmental delay18/49 (37%)
Seizures11/34 (32%)
Cognitive impairment4/43 (9%)
Age 2-18 years
(juvenile/
childhood onset)
14/89 (16%)Muscle weakness8/9 (89%)
mtDNA depletion9/14 (64%)
Respiratory failure7/12 (58%)
Age >18 years
(adult onset)
14/89 (16%)Dysphagia5/5 (100%)
mtDNA multiple deletions4/4 (100%)
Muscle weakness8/8 (100%)
Ptosis7/7 (100%)
Ragged red fibers8/8 (100%)

From: TK2-Related Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance Defect, Myopathic Form

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