TABLE 4

Description of all factors and explanatory power in the univariate linear regression (geographically based systems)

FactorSourceaMedian (IQR)RangePearson’s r2 (%)p-valueDirection of correlation
Population
INCOME: % population in an area that live in income-deprived familiesIMD 201015 (11–19)7–3360< 0.001+
EMPLOYMENT: % population with employment deprivationIMD 20106 (5–8)3–1272< 0.001+
ETHNICITY: % population minority ethnicONS9 (5–20)3–639< 0.001+
OVER75: % population aged 75 or overONS7 (7–9)3–1318< 0.001–
ALONE: % pensioners living aloneONS6 (5–6)3–8< 10.547+
Geography
URBAN/RURALONSNo PCTs (%)29< 0.001–
Major urban58 (39%)
Large urban19 (13%)
Other urban23 (15%)
Significant rural26 (17%)
Rural 50%22 (15%)
Rural 80%2 (1%)
Healthb
CHD: prevalence of coronary heart diseaseQOF4 (3–4)1–530.032+
COPD: prevalence of COPDQOF2 (1–2)1–320< 0.001+
DIABETES: prevalence of diabetesQOF5 (5–6)3–918< 0.001+
Hospital
MANAGEMENT/CODING: % emergency admissions with length of stay < 1 dayHES28 (24–30)14–4116< 0.001+
MANAGEMENT: % population waiting 4 or more weeks for elective admissionDepartment of Health62 (53–68)35–9810.198–
EDs
EDUSE: directly age-, sex- and deprivation-standardised rate of ED attendances per 100,000 populationNHS Atlas of Variation 2011275 (241–324)149–90915< 0.001+
EDCONVERSION: directly age-, sex- and deprivation-standardised rate of conversion from ED attendance to emergency admissionsNHS Atlas of Variation 2011100 (88–112)70–14870.001+
Community
CAREHOME: admission rate for people aged >74 from nursing home or residential care home settings per 10,000NHS Atlas of Variation 201112 (6–29)1–19340.013+
General practice
GPSUPPLY: GPs per 100,000 populationLondon Health Observatory69 (64–75)54–9900.855+
GPACCESS1: % GP single handedInformation Centre13 (7–23)0–4817< 0.001+
GPACCESS2: % practices offering extended opening hoursDepartment of Health75 (69–86)39–10000.901–
GPACCESS3: % able to see GP in 48 hoursGP survey80 (77–83)71–8925< 0.001–
GPADMISSION: % admissions from general practiceHES18 (7–26)0–4411< 0.001–
GP QUALITY: QOF indicatorsQOFSix indicators tested0–9< 0.001–0.570–c
General practice OOH
GPOOH1: % know how to contact GP OOHGP survey66 (62–69)48–7910< 0.001–
GPOOH2: % of GP OOH users reporting ‘very easy’ to contact by phoneGP survey38 (34–42)20–5510.231–
Ambulance service
AMBRESPONSE: % category A response within 8 minutesdInformation Centre75 (73–75)71–7813< 0.001–
AMBTRANSPORT: % not transported to hospitaldInformation Centre21 (16–30)8–3435< 0.001–

IMD 2010, Index of Multiple Deprivation 2010; QOF, Quality and Outcomes Framework.

a
b

Prevalence of 3 of the 14 conditions in the SAAR.

c

For the one statistically significant correlation.

d

Available for ambulance services and not PCTs.

From: Chapter 4, Phase 1: explaining variation in potentially avoidable admissions rates for geographically based systems

Cover of Explaining variation in emergency admissions: a mixed-methods study of emergency and urgent care systems
Explaining variation in emergency admissions: a mixed-methods study of emergency and urgent care systems.
Health Services and Delivery Research, No. 2.48.
O’Cathain A, Knowles E, Turner J, et al.
Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2014 Dec.
Copyright © Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2014. This work was produced by O’Cathain et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of State for Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.

Included under terms of UK Non-commercial Government License.

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.