| NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) – Celecoxib (Celebrex®), diclofenac (Zorvolex®), ibuprofen (Advil®, Motrin®), meloxicam (Mobic®), naproxen (Aleve®), and piroxicam (Feldene®) |
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Possible Side Effects
Diarrhea Constipation Upset stomach Nausea Pain in the belly Gas Dizziness
| Warnings
NSAIDs can increase the risk of serious stomach problems, such as bleeding or ulcers. NSAIDs can increase the chance of having a heart attack or stroke.
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| Muscle Relaxants – Baclofen (Lioresal®), carisoprodol (Soma®), and cyclobenzaprine (Amrix®, Flexeril®) |
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Possible Side Effects
Drowsiness Dizziness Weakness Dry mouth
| Warnings
Carisoprodol has a risk of abuse (taking more of the medicine than your health care professional has prescribed) and dependence (feeling like you have to take the medicine and cannot stop). Carisoprodol can cause seizures. Elderly people with liver problems should talk with their health care professional before taking cyclobenzaprine.
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| SNRI (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) Antidepressant – Duloxetine (Cymbalta®) |
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Possible Side Effects
Nausea Dry mouth Tiredness Constipation Decreased appetite Sweating
| Warnings
Duloxetine can increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young adults (ages 18 to 24). It can cause liver damage, seizures, a severe skin reaction, and an increased risk of bleeding. It can also cause a life-threatening reaction called serotonin syndrome. Symptoms include shivering, diarrhea, fever, seizures, and stiff muscles.
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| Opioids – Tramadol, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, and oxycodone |
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Possible Side Effects
Constipation Nausea Vomiting Dizziness Tiredness Sweating Itching Dry mouth
| Warnings
Taking opioids often for pain can lead to misuse, abuse, addiction, and overdose. Overdose can lead to death. Opioids can cause life-threatening breathing problems. People who have breathing or swallowing problems should talk with their health care professional before taking opioids. Taking opioids while pregnant may cause the unborn baby to have a condition called neonatal opioid syndrome. This condition may be life threatening if not treated. Some opioids can cause seizures. Tramadol can cause a life-threatening reaction called serotonin syndrome. Symptoms include shivering, diarrhea, fever, seizures, and stiff muscles.
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