| Study | Arm (N) | Duration tx (Followup) | Population Trauma Type | Baseline PTSD Severitya | Mean Age (Y) | % F | % Non-white | Risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acosta et al., 2017149 | Web CBT plus UC (81) UC (81) | 12 weeks (post, 1 month, 3 months) | Combat veterans with PTSD and substance abuse 79% of sample had clinical PTSD | 78.6 | 32 | 7 | 13 | Medium |
| Blanchard et al., 200336 | CBT-M (27) SC (27) WL (24) | 8 to 12 weeks (3 months) | Male and female MVA 83% of sample had clinical PTSD | 65.0 to 68.2 | 41 | 73 | 10.2 | Medium |
| Bohus et al., 201323 | DBT (43) UC-WL (39) | 24 weeks (post, 6 weeks, 12 weeks) | Child abuse survivors with and without borderline personality disorder | 83 to 88 | 36 | 100 | NR | Medium |
| Bryant et al., 200341 | IE (20) CBT-Mb (IE+CR) (20) SC (18) | 8 weeks (6 months) | Male and female Mixed | CAPS-I 32.5 to 32.9 CAPS-F 36.0 to 38.3 | 35 | 52 | NR | Medium |
| Bryant et al., 200842 | PE (31) CBT-Mb (exp+CR) (28) IE (31) In vivo (28) | 8 weeks (6 months) | Male and female Mixed | 71.4 to 76.8 | 37 | NR | 8 | Medium |
| Cloitre et al., 200237 | CBT-M (31) WL (27) | 12 months | Female Childhood abuse | 69 | 34 | 100 | 54 | Medium |
| Cloitre et al., 2010148 Cloitre et al., 2016150 | CBT-M (33) CBT-M (38) CBT-M (33) | 16 weeks (3 and 6 months) | Female Mixed childhood abuse | 63.1 to 64.5 | 36 | 100 | 64 | Medium |
| Cottraux et al., 200831 | CBT-M (31) SC (29) | 16 weeks (1 and 24 months) | Male and female Mixed | PCLS 60.8 | 39 | 70 | NR | Medium |
| Engel et al., 201526, c* | Online CBT and stress inoculation training, nurse guided (43) Optimized UC (37) | 6 weeks (post [6 weeks], 12 weeks, 18 weeks) | Veterans of recent military conflicts PTSD | PCL 58.56 to 55.16 | 36 | 19 | 45 | Medium |
| Fecteau et al., 199938 | CBT-M (22) WL (21) | 4 weeks (6 months) | Male and female MVA | 70.9 to 77.3 | 41 | 70 | NR | Medium |
| Foa et al., 199914 Zoellner et al., 1999134 | PE (25) SIT (26) CBT-Mb (PE+SIT) (30) WL (15) | 9 weeks (3, 6, and 12 months) | Female Assault | PSS-I 29.4 to 32.9 | 35 | 100 | 36 | Medium |
| Foa et al., 200512 | Total 190 PE (NR) CBT-Mb (PE+CR) (NR) WL (NR) | 12 weeks, 9 to 12 weekly sessions (3, 6, and 12 months) | Female Assault | PSS-I 31.1 to 34.0 | 31 | 100 | 51 | Medium |
| Haller et al., 2016145, c | Group ICBT for depression and SUD plus CPT-M (trauma-focused CPT modified to include substance use prevention) (individual) (61) Group ICBT for depression and SUD plus individual ICBT for depression and SUD (62) | 12 sessions (up to 16 weeks) (post, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months) | Veterans with MDD or dysthymia, past 90-day alcohol, cannabinoid, or stimulant dependence, and trauma exposure 82.1% of sample had clinical PTSD | PCL 56.99 | 47 | 11 | 36 | Medium |
| Harned et al., 2014144 | DBT plus DBT PE (17) DBT (9) | 1 year (3 months) | PTSD with borderline personality disorder and intentional self-injury | PSS-I 30 to 33 | 33 | 100 | 19 | Medium |
| Hinton et al., 200534 | CBT-M (20) WL (20) | 12 weeks | Male and female Cambodian refugees | 74.9 to 75.9 | 52 | 60 | 100 | Medium |
| Hinton et al., 2009151 | CBT-M (12) CBT-M (12) | 12 weeks | Cambodian refugees Witnessed genocide | 75.4 to 77.3 | 50 | 60 | 100 | Medium |
| Hinton et al., 2011152 | CBT-M (12) Relax (12) | 14 weeks (12 weeks) | Female Trauma NR | PCL 69.8 to 71.1 | 50 | 100 | 100 | Medium |
| Hollifield et al., 200732 | Acupuncture (29) (arm not eligible) CBT-M (28) WL (27) | 12 weeks (3 months) | Male and female Mixed | PSS-SR 30.8 to 32.5 | 42 | 48 | 24 | Medium |
| Ivarsson et al., 201424 | Internet-based CBT (31) Delayed treatment (WL) attention control (31) | 8 weeks (post) | Chronic PTSD Mixed | IES-R 55 | 46 | 82 | NR | Medium |
| Johnson et al., 201129 | CBT-M (35) UC (35) | 8 months (1 week, 3 and 6 months) | Female Interpersonal violence 87% of sample had clinical PTSD | 53.3 to 62.7 | 33 | 100 | 57 | Medium |
| Kubany et al., 200335 | CBT-M (19) WL (18) | 8 to 11 sessionsd (3 months) | Female Interpersonal violence | 80.1 to 80.2 | 35 | 100 | 51 | Medium |
| Kubany et al., 200428 | CBT-M (63) WL (62) | 4 to 5.5 weeks (3 and 6 months) | Female Interpersonal violence | 74.1 to 74.4 | 42 | 100 | 47 | Medium |
| Litz et al., 200733 | CBT-M (24) SC (21) | 8 weeks (3 and 6 months) | Male and female Combat | PSS-I 26.7 to 29.2 | 39 | 22 | 30 | Medium |
| Maguen et al., 201725 | CBT (17) WL (16) | 6 weeks (post) | Endorsed killing or responsible for the death of another in a war zone, PTSD | PCL 48.6 to 52.9 | 61 | 0 | 39 | Medium |
| Marks et al., 1998122 Lovell et al., 2001123 | PE (23) CR (13) CBT-Mb (CR+PE) (24) Relax (21) | 10 sessionsd (mean of 16 weeks), (1, 3, and 6 months) | Male and female Mixed | CAPS Severity 2.6 to 3.2 | 38 | 36 | NR | Medium |
| McDonagh et al., 200539 | CBT-M (29) PCT (22) WL (23) | 14 weeks (3 and 6 months) | Female Childhood sexual abuse | 67.7 to 72.0 | 41 | 100 | 7 | Medium |
| McGovern et al., 201527, c | ICBT for PTSD and SUD plus SC (73) IAC plus SC (75) (arm not eligible) Standard care (73) | 8–12 sessions typically completed in 8–12 weeks (post at 6 months post-baseline) | PTSD and substance abuse | 77.35 | 35 | 59 | 4 | Medium |
| Monson et al., 201222 | CBCT (20 individuals) WL (20 individuals) | 15 sessions (3 months after treatment) | Veterans and their partners | 68.87 to 73.03 | 37 | 75 | 28 | Medium |
| Sannibale et al. 2013146 | IT (integrated CBT for PTSD and AUD) (33) CBT for AUD plus SC (29) | 12 weeks (post, 5 months, 9 months) | Comorbid PTSD and AUD | 68 | 41 | 53 | NR | Low |
| Spence et al., 201130 | CBT-M (23) WL (21) | 8 weeks (3 months) | Male and female Mixed | PCL-C 57.0 to 60.8 | 43 | 81 | NR | Medium |
| van Emmerik et al., 200840 | CBT-M (41) Writing (44) WL (40) | 5 sessionsd (mean of 17 weeks), 13 to 139 weeks | Male and female Mixed 97% of sample had clinical PTSD | IES 46.4 to 49.1 | 40 | 67 | NR | Medium |
Data reported are mean CAPS or range of mean CAPS scores across groups unless another instrument is specified.
The information provided after CBT-M indicates the content of the mixed intervention (see abbreviations below).
Less than 100 percent of sample had clinical PTSD.
Number of treatment sessions is reported when duration of treatment was not specified.
AUD = Alcohol Use Disorder; CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; CBCT = cognitive behavioral couples therapy; CBT-M = cognitive behavioral therapy-mixed; CR = cognitive restructuring; DBT = dialectical behavior therapy; F = female; IAC = individual addiction counseling; ICBT = integrated cognitive behavioral therapy; IE = imaginal exposure; IES = Impact of Event Scale; in vivo = in vivo exposure; IT = integrated treatment; MDD = major depressive disorder; MVA = motor vehicle accident; NR = not reported; PCL = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist; PCL-C = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian Version; PCLS = Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale; PDS = Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale; PE = prolonged exposure; PSS-I = PTSD Symptom Scale—Interview; PSS-SR = Posttraumatic Symptom Scale-Self Report; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; relax = relaxation; SC = supportive counseling; SIT = stress inoculation training; SUD = substance use disorder; UC = usual care; WL = wait-list; writing = structured writing therapy; y = year.
From: Results
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