| Intervention | General Adult Population | Adults 55 Years of Age and Older | Adults With Pain Conditions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global Outcomes | Sleep Outcomes | Global Outcomes | Sleep Outcomes | Global Outcomes | Sleep Outcomes | |
| CBT-Ib | Improves (●○○ to ●●○) | Improves (●●○) | May improve (●○○) | Reduces awake time after sleep onset (●●○) May improve other outcomes (●○○) | May improve (●○○) | May improve some outcomes (●○○) |
| CBT-I (studies lasting ≥ 6 months) | May improve (●○○) | Improves sleep efficiency (●●○) May improve other outcomes (●○○) | (○○○) | (○○○) | (○○○) | (○○○) |
| Stimulus Controlc | (○○○) | May improve some outcomes (●○○) | (○○○) | May improve total sleep time (●○○) | (○○○) | (○○○) |
| MBT or BBT | (○○○) | (○○○) | (○○○) | May improve some outcomes (●○○) | (○○○) | (○○○) |
BBT = brief behavioral therapy; CBT-I = cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia; MBT = multicomponent behavioral therapy
Controls included treatment as usual, attention control (i.e., sleep hygiene or sleep education), “wait-list” management, placebo or sham treatment, or no treatment.
The effectiveness of CBT-I was demonstrated across modes of delivery: in-person as an individual, in-person as a group, telephone, Web-based, and based on a self-help book.
These results refer to stimulus control alone. Stimulus control is also often a component of CBT-I, MBT, and BBT.
From: Management of Insomnia Disorder in Adults: Current State of the Evidence
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