Table 3, Characteristics of Included Primary Clinical Studies - Avoidance of Physical Restraint Use among Hospitalized Older Adults: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines

First Author, Publication Year, Country	Study Designs	Population Characteristics	Intervention and Comparators	Relevant Clinical Outcomes, Length of Follow-Up
Enns, 2014,²⁰ Canada	Quasi-experimental randomized^* stepped-wedge trial	Older adults (65+ years old) admitted to study units evaluated during monthly restraint audits	Intervention: multicomponent team-focused approach aimed at decreasing physical restraints Comparator: usual care, including restraint use (i.e., seat belts, wrist or ankle restraints, waist or jacket restraints, chair trays when using outside of food service, chairs reclined to prevent individual from rising out of chair, bed rails in upright position)	Falls during each 1-month period, for 4 months total
Kwok, 2012,²¹ China	Non-randomized controlled before-and-after study	n = 1,946 older adult patients comprising 2,000 patient episodes within a convalescent medical ward, with and without cognitive impairment (961 men, 985 women) Intervention: 988 patient episodes that occurred in the year 2009, after the introduction of the restraint reduction program; mean age: 79.58 (SD = 10.81) years Comparator: 958 patients episodes that occurred in the year 2007, before the introduction of the restraint reduction program; mean age: 79.40 (SD = 10.05) years	Intervention: restraint reduction program Comparator: usual care, including restraint use (i.e., hand holder, safety vest, abdominal belt, seat belt, foot holder, table top, bilateral bed rails)	Length of stay Mobility Ability to perform ADLs Fall incident Mortality Length of follow-up: Not applicable

First Author, Publication Year, Country

Study Designs

Population Characteristics

Intervention and Comparators

Relevant Clinical Outcomes, Length of Follow-Up

Enns, 2014,²⁰ Canada

Quasi-experimental randomized^* stepped-wedge trial

Older adults (65+ years old) admitted to study units evaluated during monthly restraint audits

Intervention: multicomponent team-focused approach aimed at decreasing physical restraints

Comparator: usual care, including restraint use (i.e., seat belts, wrist or ankle restraints, waist or jacket restraints, chair trays when using outside of food service, chairs reclined to prevent individual from rising out of chair, bed rails in upright position)

Falls during each 1-month period, for 4 months total

Kwok, 2012,²¹ China

Non-randomized controlled before-and-after study

n = 1,946 older adult patients comprising 2,000 patient episodes within a convalescent medical ward, with and without cognitive impairment (961 men, 985 women)

Intervention: 988 patient episodes that occurred in the year 2009, after the introduction of the restraint reduction program; mean age: 79.58 (SD = 10.81) years

Comparator: 958 patients episodes that occurred in the year 2007, before the introduction of the restraint reduction program; mean age: 79.40 (SD = 10.05) years

Intervention: restraint reduction program

Comparator: usual care, including restraint use (i.e., hand holder, safety vest, abdominal belt, seat belt, foot holder, table top, bilateral bed rails)

Length of stay

Mobility

Ability to perform ADLs

Fall incident

Mortality

Length of follow-up: Not applicable

From: Avoidance of Physical Restraint Use among Hospitalized Older Adults: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines

Cover of Avoidance of Physical Restraint Use among Hospitalized Older Adults: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines

Avoidance of Physical Restraint Use among Hospitalized Older Adults: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines [Internet].

Lachance C, Wright MD.

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2019 Feb 28.

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Table 3Characteristics of Included Primary Clinical Studies