| Intervention | Function Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Function Long-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Short-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Intermediate-Term Effect Size SOE | Pain Long-Term Effect Size SOE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | none + | none + | small + | none + | none + | none + |
| Psychological Therapies: PT-Led Relaxation Training | none + | none + | no evidence | none + | none + | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Low-Level Laser Therapy | moderate ++ | no evidence | no evidence | moderate ++ | no evidence | no evidence |
| Physical Modalities: Traction, Electromagnetic field | insufficient evidence | no evidence | no evidence | insufficient evidence | no evidence | no evidence |
| Manual Therapies: Massage | smallb + | none + | no evidence | moderatec + | no evidence | no evidence |
| Mind-Body Practices: Alexander Technique | small + | small + | no evidence | no evidence | no evidence | no evidence |
| Acupuncture | small + | small + | none + | none + | none + | none + |
Short-Term: 1 to <6 months; Intermediate-Term: ≥6 to <12 months; Long-Term: ≥12 months
Effect Size: none, small, moderate, or large improvement
Strength of Evidence: + = low, ++ = moderate, +++ = high
SOE and effect size based on totality of evidence from prior report and new trials.
Effect size upgraded one level from prior report.
There was no evidence for short-term pain in the prior report.
From: Discussion
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