| Author, Year, Followup,a Pain Duration, Study Quality | Intervention | Population | Function and Pain Outcomes | Other Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bono, 2015169 1 month, 2 months Duration of pain: >2 years (mean NR) Poor | A. Occipital TES (n=54): Electro-stimulator generated biphasic impulses via electrodes placed on occipital region bilaterally; pulse width: 250 µs; frequency: 40 Hz; intensity 20 mA. B. Sham (n=29): Same device and procedure, but no current was delivered. Treatment protocol: 30 minute sessions 3 times daily for two consecutive weeks (42 sessions total) | A vs. B Age: 42 vs. 40 years Female: 81% vs. 66% Race: NR Headache frequency: mean 29.0 days/month Medication overuse: 43% vs. 52% Baseline MIDAS (0-21+): 63 vs. 50 Baseline VAS pain (0−10): 8 vs. 8 | A vs. B 1 month Patients who achieved >50% reduction in headache days: 85% vs. 7%; RR 12.4 (95% CI 3.2 to 47.3) 2 months MIDAS: 16 vs. 51; difference −35.0 (95% CI −42.6 to −27.4) VAS pain (0−10): 3 vs. 8; difference −5.0 (95% CI −5.8 to −4.2) Proportion of patients still overusing medications: 7% vs. 48%; RR 0.15 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.42) | A vs. B 2 months |
BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II; CI = confidence interval; HAM-A = Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; Hz = Hertz; mA = milliamps; MIDAS = Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire; NR = not reported; RR = risk ratio; SD = standard deviation; TES = transcutaneous electrical stimulation; VAS = visual analog scale; µs = microsecond
Unless otherwise noted, followup time is calculated from the end of the treatment period
From: Results
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