| Intervention | Description |
|---|---|
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) | Passing an electric current through the brain after administering anesthetic and muscle relaxants to produce a convulsion. |
| Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) | Focal magnetic stimulation through the scalp without the use of anesthesia. |
| Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) | Surgically implanted electrodes around the left vagus nerve to modulate mood and control seizures. |
| Psychotherapies (CBT or IPT) | Psychotherapy to identify negative depressogenic cognitions or interpersonal behaviors. |
From: Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Adults
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