GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: GAPDHprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenaseprovided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:4141
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000111640 MIM:138400; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4141
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP
Summary: This gene encodes a member of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The product of this gene catalyzes an important energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The encoded protein has additionally been identified to have uracil DNA glycosylase activity in the nucleus. Also, this protein contains a peptide that has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Studies of a similar protein in mouse have assigned a variety of additional functions including nitrosylation of nuclear proteins, the regulation of mRNA stability, and acting as a transferrin receptor on the cell surface of macrophage. Many pseudogenes similar to this locus are present in the human genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]
Expression: Ubiquitous expression in bone marrow (RPKM 1203.9), heart (RPKM 1083.8) and 24 other tissues See more
Orthologs: mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 12p13.31

Exon count:: 10

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_08	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	12	NC_000012.12 (6534517..6538371)
RS_2024_08	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	12	NC_060936.1 (6544873..6548727)
RS_2024_09	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	12	NC_000012.11 (6643683..6647537)

Chromosome 12 - NC_000012.12 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

The tumor suppressor Parkin exerts anticancer effects through regulating mitochondrial GAPDH activity.
Title: The tumor suppressor Parkin exerts anticancer effects through regulating mitochondrial GAPDH activity.
Regulation of AMPK and GAPDH by Transglutaminase 2 Plays a Pivotal Role in Microvascular Leakage in Diabetic Retinas.
Title: Regulation of AMPK and GAPDH by Transglutaminase 2 Plays a Pivotal Role in Microvascular Leakage in Diabetic Retinas.
Modification of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase with Nitric Oxide: Role in Signal Transduction and Development of Apoptosis.
Title: Modification of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase with Nitric Oxide: Role in Signal Transduction and Development of Apoptosis.
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Binds with Spike Protein and Inhibits the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into Host Cells.
Title: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Binds with Spike Protein and Inhibits the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into Host Cells.
Exploring the Role of Glycolytic Enzymes PFKFB3 and GAPDH in the Modulation of Abeta and Neurodegeneration and Their Potential of Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer's Disease.
Title: Exploring the Role of Glycolytic Enzymes PFKFB3 and GAPDH in the Modulation of Aβ and Neurodegeneration and Their Potential of Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer's Disease.
Neutrophil metabolomics in severe COVID-19 reveal GAPDH as a suppressor of neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
Title: Neutrophil metabolomics in severe COVID-19 reveal GAPDH as a suppressor of neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
Uncoupled glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in kidney cancer reveals that cytosolic GPD is essential to support lipid synthesis.
Title: Uncoupled glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in kidney cancer reveals that cytosolic GPD is essential to support lipid synthesis.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase under oxidative stress.
Title: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase under oxidative stress.
Crotonylation of GAPDH regulates human embryonic stem cell endodermal lineage differentiation and metabolic switch.
Title: Crotonylation of GAPDH regulates human embryonic stem cell endodermal lineage differentiation and metabolic switch.
Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
Title: Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (168)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

HIV-1 interactions

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Replication interactions

Interaction	Pubs
Knockdown of GAPDH by siRNA enhances HIV-1 infectivity in TZM-bl cells	PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein	Gene	Interaction	Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120	env	Tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis identify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), HIV-1 Gag, Gag/Pol, gp120, and Nef incorporated into staufen1 RNP complexes isolated from HIV-1-expressing cells	PubMed
Gag-Pol	gag-pol	Immunoprecipitation assay shows that GAPDH directly interacts with HIV-1 Gag and Gag-Pol. Packaging of LysRS and tRNA-Lys3 into virions is negatively regulated by GAPDH, leading to decreased viral infectivity	PubMed
	gag-pol	Tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis identify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), HIV-1 Gag, Gag/Pol, gp120, and Nef incorporated into staufen1 RNP complexes isolated from HIV-1-expressing cells	PubMed
Nef	nef	Tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis identify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), HIV-1 Gag, Gag/Pol, gp120, and Nef incorporated into staufen1 RNP complexes isolated from HIV-1-expressing cells	PubMed
Pr55(Gag)	gag	Immunoprecipitation assay shows that GAPDH directly interacts with HIV-1 Gag and Gag-Pol. Packaging of LysRS and tRNA-Lys3 into virions is negatively regulated by GAPDH, leading to decreased viral infectivity	PubMed
	gag	Tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis identify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), HIV-1 Gag, Gag/Pol, gp120, and Nef incorporated into staufen1 RNP complexes isolated from HIV-1-expressing cells	PubMed
Rev	rev	HIV-1 Rev interacting protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), is identified by the in-vitro binding experiments involving cytosolic or nuclear extracts from HeLa cells. The interaction of Rev with GAPDH is increased by RRE	PubMed
Tat	tat	Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is identified to interact with HIV-1 Tat mutant Nullbasic in HeLa cells by LC MS/MS	PubMed
Vpr	vpr	A stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture coupled with mass spectrometry-based proteomics identifies downregulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression by HIV-1 Vpr in Vpr transduced macrophages	PubMed
	vpr	Treatment of human primary astrocytes with HIV-1 Vpr downregulates expression of mRNA GAPDH and GAPDH activity	PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

PMC156124P4 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271362

PMC102181P3 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270085

PMC102702P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270092

GDB:374186 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:156947

PMC31284P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272922

PMC156256P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271388

GDB:214822 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:156188

PMC104479P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270113

D11S4602 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:15393

GAPD (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:266277

PMC119909P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270375

PMC99947P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273709

PMC133713P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270639

PMC108311P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270135

PMC122568P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270398

PMC133764P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270654

PMC156747P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271425

PMC122612P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270402

PMC108957P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270147

PMC240675P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272218

PMC109593P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270172

PMC123051P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270428

PMC133907P5 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270684

PMC133907P6 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270685

PMC351321P5 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273246

G65758 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:225899

PMC303337P3 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272495

PMC110706P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270194

GDB:376732 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:157065

PMC24576P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272266

PMC141140P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270988

PMC86881P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273552

PMC112330P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270229

PMC153210P3 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271253

PMC25103P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272281

PMC164778P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271515

PMC134726P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270748

PMC112647P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270238

PMC164841P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271520

PMC112724P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270242

PMC112827P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270244

PMC164857P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271525

PMC113197P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270250

GDB:384767 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:157098

PMC317006P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273068

PMC148872P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271025

PMC113938P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270260

PMC21468P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272060

PMC21573P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272061

PMC262654P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272319

PMC88550P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273602

PMC135988P15 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270787

PMC126184P3 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270532

PMC114947P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270281

PMC136639P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270801

PMC136694P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270802

PMC154635P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271315

PMC150665P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271067

PMC266773P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272348

PMC115884P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270303

PMC137086P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270816

PMC150720P4 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271072

PMC26839P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272355

PMC309667P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272611

PMC97138P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273641

PMC128235P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270574

PMC311067P7 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272878

PMC327192P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273135

PMC97302P2 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273647

PMC101742P3 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270065

PMC97327P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273649

PMC102046P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270066

PMC15575P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271350

PMC102105P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:270073

PMC329392P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273149

PMC98059P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:273662

PMC150799P1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:271103

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables NAD binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables NADP binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables disordered domain specific binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
enables identical protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables microtubule binding	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in cellular response to type II interferon	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in defense response to fungus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in glucose metabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in glycolytic process	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in glycolytic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in killing by host of symbiont cells	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in killing of cells of another organism	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in microtubule cytoskeleton organization	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in negative regulation of endopeptidase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of translation	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of translation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in neuron apoptotic process	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of cytokine production	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of type I interferon production	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in protein stabilization	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
involved_in regulation of macroautophagy	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
part_of GAIT complex	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cytoplasm	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cytoplasm	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
is_active_in cytosol	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in cytosol	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in cytosol	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
located_in cytosol	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
located_in extracellular exosome	HDA more info	PubMed
located_in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info
located_in lipid droplet	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in membrane	HDA more info	PubMed
located_in microtubule cytoskeleton	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
located_in nuclear membrane	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info
located_in nucleus	HDA more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in nucleus	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info
located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
located_in plasma membrane	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info
part_of ribonucleoprotein complex	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in vesicle	HDA more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Names: OCAS, p38 component; Oct1 coactivator in S phase, 38 Kd component; aging-associated gene 9 protein; epididymis secretory sperm binding protein Li 162eP; peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase GAPDH

NP_001243728.1

EC 1.2.1.12

NP_001276674.1

EC 1.2.1.12

NP_001276675.1

EC 1.2.1.12

NP_001344872.1

EC 1.2.1.12

NP_002037.2

EC 1.2.1.12

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

NG_007073.2 RefSeqGene

Range

5027..8881

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001256799.3 → NP_001243728.1 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 2

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243728.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks a portion of the 5' coding region compared to variant 1. These differences cause translation initiation at a downstream start codon and result in an isoform (2) with a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform 1.

Source sequence(s)

AF261085, BE893087, HY000136

Consensus CDS

CCDS58201.1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q2TSD0

Related

ENSP00000380067.1, ENST00000396858.5

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cl27764
Location:1 → 290

Gp_dh_N; Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD binding domain
NM_001289745.3 → NP_001276674.1 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001276674.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 3, and 4 encode the same isoform (1).

Source sequence(s)

AK308198, BE893087, BM763361, M33197

Consensus CDS

CCDS8549.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

E7EUT4, P00354, P04406, Q53X65

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q2TSD0, V9HVZ4

Related

ENSP00000380070.1, ENST00000396861.5

Conserved Domains (1) summary

PLN02272
Location:2 → 332

PLN02272; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
NM_001289746.2 → NP_001276675.1 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001276675.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 3, and 4 encode the same isoform (1).

Source sequence(s)

AC006064, BC023632, HY004110, HY022295

Consensus CDS

CCDS8549.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

E7EUT4, P00354, P04406, Q53X65

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q2TSD0, V9HVZ4

Related

ENSP00000380068.1, ENST00000396859.5

Conserved Domains (1) summary

PLN02272
Location:2 → 332

PLN02272; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
NM_001357943.2 → NP_001344872.1 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 4

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (7) uses an alternate splice site but retains the reading frame compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (4) is shorter than isoform 1.

Source sequence(s)

AC006064

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q2TSD0

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cl27764
Location:2 → 314

Gp_dh_N; Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD binding domain
NM_002046.7 → NP_002037.2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_002037.2

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1).

Source sequence(s)

AK308198, BC009081

Consensus CDS

CCDS8549.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

E7EUT4, P00354, P04406, Q53X65

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q2TSD0, V9HVZ4

Related

ENSP00000229239.5, ENST00000229239.10

Conserved Domains (1) summary

PLN02272
Location:2 → 332

PLN02272; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

RNA

NR_152150.2 RNA Sequence

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (6) uses an alternate splice site and lacks two exons compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because it lacks a large portion of the coding region found in variant 1.

Source sequence(s)

AC006064

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

NC_000012.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Range

6534517..6538371

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

NC_060936.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Range

6544873..6548727

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

NM_001357938.1: Suppressed sequence

Description

NM_001357938.1: This RefSeq was removed because currently there is insufficient support for the transcript and protein.
NM_001357944.1: Suppressed sequence

Description

NM_001357944.1: This RefSeq has been removed because there is insufficient support for the transcript and protein.