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Sedated

MedGen UID:
536362
•Concept ID:
C0235195
•
Finding
Synonyms: Sedation; Under sedation
SNOMED CT: Under sedation (17971005); Sedated (17971005)

Definition

A state of a lowered level of consciousness. [from NCI]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Processed Electroencephalogram-Based Monitoring to Guide Sedation in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Recommendations from an International Expert Panel-Based Consensus.
Rasulo FA, Hopkins P, Lobo FA, Pandin P, Matta B, Carozzi C, Romagnoli S, Absalom A, Badenes R, Bleck T, Caricato A, Claassen J, Denault A, Honorato C, Motta S, Meyfroidt G, Radtke FM, Ricci Z, Robba C, Taccone FS, Vespa P, Nardiello I, Lamperti M
Neurocrit Care 2023 Apr;38(2):296-311. Epub 2022 Jul 27 doi: 10.1007/s12028-022-01565-5. PMID: 35896766Free PMC Article
Expert Consensus Statement: Pediatric Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy.
Baldassari CM, Lam DJ, Ishman SL, Chernobilsky B, Friedman NR, Giordano T, Lawlor C, Mitchell RB, Nardone H, Ruda J, Zalzal H, Deneal A, Dhepyasuwan N, Rosenfeld RM
Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021 Oct;165(4):578-591. Epub 2021 Jan 5 doi: 10.1177/0194599820985000. PMID: 33400611
Pain management in the critically.
Ashley E, Given J
J Perioper Pract 2008 Nov;18(11):504-9. doi: 10.1177/175045890801801106. PMID: 19051964

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

A randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing remimazolam to propofol when combined with alfentanil for sedation during ERCP procedures.
Dong SA, Guo Y, Liu SS, Wu LL, Wu LN, Song K, Wang JH, Chen HR, Li WZ, Li HX, Zhang L, Yu JB
J Clin Anesth 2023 Jun;86:111077. Epub 2023 Feb 9 doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2023.111077. PMID: 36764022
Intramuscular Midazolam, Olanzapine, Ziprasidone, or Haloperidol for Treating Acute Agitation in the Emergency Department.
Klein LR, Driver BE, Miner JR, Martel ML, Hessel M, Collins JD, Horton GB, Fagerstrom E, Satpathy R, Cole JB
Ann Emerg Med 2018 Oct;72(4):374-385. Epub 2018 Jun 7 doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.04.027. PMID: 29885904
Is Unsedated Colonoscopy Gaining Ground Over Sedated Colonoscopy?
Zhang K, Yuan Q, Zhu S, Xu D, An Z
J Natl Med Assoc 2018 Apr;110(2):143-148. Epub 2017 Apr 15 doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2016.12.003. PMID: 29580447
Palliative pharmacological sedation for terminally ill adults.
Beller EM, van Driel ML, McGregor L, Truong S, Mitchell G
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Jan 2;1(1):CD010206. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010206.pub2. PMID: 25879099Free PMC Article
Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale.
Payen JF, Bru O, Bosson JL, Lagrasta A, Novel E, Deschaux I, Lavagne P, Jacquot C
Crit Care Med 2001 Dec;29(12):2258-63. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004. PMID: 11801819

Diagnosis

Cerebral monitoring in surgical ICU patients.
Massari D, de Keijzer IN, Scheeren TWL
Curr Opin Crit Care 2021 Dec 1;27(6):701-708. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000871. PMID: 34475324
Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome in Children.
Barmherzig R, Szperka CL
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019 Jul 10;23(8):58. doi: 10.1007/s11916-019-0795-8. PMID: 31292773Free PMC Article
Visually evoked potentials.
Creel DJ
Handb Clin Neurol 2019;160:501-522. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64032-1.00034-5. PMID: 31277872
Septic Encephalopathy.
Robba C, Crippa IA, Taccone FS
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018 Oct 2;18(12):82. doi: 10.1007/s11910-018-0895-6. PMID: 30280261
Evolving techniques in colonoscopy.
Vemulapalli KC, Rex DK
Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011 Sep;27(5):430-8. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e328349cfc0. PMID: 21785352

Therapy

Dexmedetomidine and Propofol Sedation in Critically Ill Patients and Dose-associated 90-Day Mortality: A Secondary Cohort Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial (SPICE III).
Shehabi Y, Serpa Neto A, Bellomo R, Howe BD, Arabi YM, Bailey M, Bass FE, Bin Kadiman S, McArthur CJ, Reade MC, Seppelt IM, Takala J, Wise MP, Webb SA; SPICE III Study Investigators
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023 Apr 1;207(7):876-886. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202206-1208OC. PMID: 36215171
Passive motion of the lower extremities in sedated and ventilated patients in the ICU - a systematic review of early effects and replicability of Interventions.
Vollenweider R, Manettas AI, Häni N, de Bruin ED, Knols RH
PLoS One 2022;17(5):e0267255. Epub 2022 May 12 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267255. PMID: 35552550Free PMC Article
Early Sedation with Dexmedetomidine in Critically Ill Patients.
Shehabi Y, Howe BD, Bellomo R, Arabi YM, Bailey M, Bass FE, Bin Kadiman S, McArthur CJ, Murray L, Reade MC, Seppelt IM, Takala J, Wise MP, Webb SA; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group and the SPICE III Investigators
N Engl J Med 2019 Jun 27;380(26):2506-2517. Epub 2019 May 19 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1904710. PMID: 31112380
Non-pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children.
Manyande A, Cyna AM, Yip P, Chooi C, Middleton P
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Jul 14;2015(7):CD006447. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006447.pub3. PMID: 26171895Free PMC Article
Palliative pharmacological sedation for terminally ill adults.
Beller EM, van Driel ML, McGregor L, Truong S, Mitchell G
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Jan 2;1(1):CD010206. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010206.pub2. PMID: 25879099Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Brainstem dysfunction in critically ill patients.
Benghanem S, Mazeraud A, Azabou E, Chhor V, Shinotsuka CR, Claassen J, Rohaut B, Sharshar T
Crit Care 2020 Jan 6;24(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2718-9. PMID: 31907011Free PMC Article
Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome in Children.
Barmherzig R, Szperka CL
Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019 Jul 10;23(8):58. doi: 10.1007/s11916-019-0795-8. PMID: 31292773Free PMC Article
Anaesthetic management of sleep-disordered breathing in adults.
Hillman DR, Chung F
Respirology 2017 Feb;22(2):230-239. Epub 2016 Dec 17 doi: 10.1111/resp.12967. PMID: 27988979
Intra-abdominal complications after cardiac surgery.
Sakorafas GH, Tsiotos GG
Eur J Surg 1999 Sep;165(9):820-7. doi: 10.1080/11024159950189285. PMID: 10533754
State-dependent laryngomalacia.
Amin MR, Isaacson G
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997 Nov;106(11):887-90. doi: 10.1177/000348949710601101. PMID: 9373076

Clinical prediction guides

Comparison of remimazolam-based and propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia on postoperative quality of recovery: A randomized non-inferiority trial.
Choi JY, Lee HS, Kim JY, Han DW, Yang JY, Kim MJ, Song Y
J Clin Anesth 2022 Nov;82:110955. Epub 2022 Aug 25 doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.110955. PMID: 36029704
Palliative pharmacological sedation for terminally ill adults.
Beller EM, van Driel ML, McGregor L, Truong S, Mitchell G
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Jan 2;1(1):CD010206. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010206.pub2. PMID: 25879099Free PMC Article
The ethical and clinical importance of measuring consciousness in continuously sedated patients.
Raus K, de Laat M, Mortier E, Sterckx S
J Clin Ethics 2014 Fall;25(3):207-18. PMID: 25192345
Is the type of insufflation a key issue in gastro-intestinal endoscopy?
Lord AC, Riss S
World J Gastroenterol 2014 Mar 7;20(9):2193-9. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i9.2193. PMID: 24605018Free PMC Article
Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale.
Payen JF, Bru O, Bosson JL, Lagrasta A, Novel E, Deschaux I, Lavagne P, Jacquot C
Crit Care Med 2001 Dec;29(12):2258-63. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200112000-00004. PMID: 11801819

Recent systematic reviews

Passive motion of the lower extremities in sedated and ventilated patients in the ICU - a systematic review of early effects and replicability of Interventions.
Vollenweider R, Manettas AI, Häni N, de Bruin ED, Knols RH
PLoS One 2022;17(5):e0267255. Epub 2022 May 12 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267255. PMID: 35552550Free PMC Article
Fundamentals and innovations in regional anaesthesia for infants and children.
Heydinger G, Tobias J, Veneziano G
Anaesthesia 2021 Jan;76 Suppl 1:74-88. doi: 10.1111/anae.15283. PMID: 33426659
A systematic review of capnography for sedation.
Conway A, Douglas C, Sutherland JR
Anaesthesia 2016 Apr;71(4):450-4. Epub 2016 Jan 21 doi: 10.1111/anae.13378. PMID: 26792775
Non-pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children.
Manyande A, Cyna AM, Yip P, Chooi C, Middleton P
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Jul 14;2015(7):CD006447. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006447.pub3. PMID: 26171895Free PMC Article
Palliative pharmacological sedation for terminally ill adults.
Beller EM, van Driel ML, McGregor L, Truong S, Mitchell G
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Jan 2;1(1):CD010206. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010206.pub2. PMID: 25879099Free PMC Article

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